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. 2017 Aug 4;7:7328. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06767-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic figure of carnitine shuttle in the mitochondria. Acyl-CoA, derived from fatty acid, is unable to penetrate the mitochondrial outer membrane. Using carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity, acyl-CoA is transformed to acylcarnitine, which is then shuttled into the mitochondrial matrix by carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase. Finally, acylcarnitine is converted to acyl-CoA by carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 localized on the inner mitochondrial membrane. Abbreviations: CPT1 = carnitine palmitoyltransferase I; CPT2 = carnitine palmitoyltransferase II; CACT = carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase; PD = Parkinson’s disease.