Table 1.
Participants’ characteristics.
| 1st cohort | 2nd cohort | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Parkinson’s disease | P-valuea | Control | Parkinson’s disease | P-valuea | |
| Number | 32 | 109 | — | 45 | 145 | — |
| Gender (Male:Female) | 14:18 | 59:50 | 0.473b | 23:22 | 70:75 | 0.740b |
| Age [years], Mean (SD) | 62.9 (12.4) | 67.3 (9.99) | 0.0566 | 63.8 (15.3) | 67.5 (10.2) | 0.392 |
| Duration [years], Mean (SD) | — | 6.48 (5.64) | — | — | 7.04 (5.61) | — |
| H&Y stage, (each case number) | — | I (26), II (52), III (21), IV (9), V (1) | — | — | I (41), II (60), III (35), IV (8), V (1) | — |
| H&Y stage, Mean (SD) | — | 2.15 (0.91) | — | — | 2.09 (0.897) | — |
| UPDRS III, Mean (SD) | — | 13.9 (10.5) | — | — | 14.8 (9.84) | — |
| MMSE, Mean (SD) | — | 28.5 (1.74) | — | 28.9 (2.09) | 27.8 (3.14) | <0.0001 |
| BMI [kg/m2], Mean (SD) | 24.1 (3.88) | 21.9 (2.97) | 0.0081 | 23.2 (3.59) | 22.4 (3.29) | 0.0867 |
| CK [U/ml], Mean (SD) | — | — | — | 118 (47.8) | 134 (91.7) | 0.750 |
| Aldolase [IU/l], Mean (SD) | — | — | — | 3.64 (1.54) | 3.98 (1.25) | 0.0142 |
| HbA1c [%], Mean (SD) | — | — | — | 5.70 (0.378) | 5.74 (0.396) | 0.570 |
| NEFA [mEq/l], Mean (SD) | — | — | — | 571 (200) | 613 (257) | 0.420 |
Abbreviations: SD = standard deviation; H&Y stage = Hoehn and Yahr stage; UPDRS = Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; MMSE = Mini Mental State Examination; BMI = Body Mass Index; CK = creatine kinase; ALD = aldolase; HbA1c = hemoglobin A1c; NEFA = non-esterified fatty acid.
a P-value obtained by analysis of covariance between controls and PD.
b P-value obtained by chi-squared test.