Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants (alcohol consumption pattern categorization).
| Alcohol consumption pattern | P-value3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never-drinking | Light | moderate | Heavy | ||
| Number of subject(%) | 338(19.4) | 462(26.1) | 666(37.6) | 306(17.2) | |
| Age | 52.8 ± 8.4a | 51.2 ± 8.2b | 49.3 ± 7.7c | 49.0 ± 7.9c | <0.001 |
| Body mass index | 24.1 ± 3.0a | 24.3 ± 2.8a | 24.3 ± 2.8a | 24.5 ± 3.0a | 0.500 |
| Systolic blood pressure(mmHg) | 119.6 ± 16.7ab | 118.0 ± 16.4b | 120.0 ± 17.2ab | 121.8 ± 16.9a | 0.024 |
| Diastolic blood pressure(mmHg) | 79.9 ± 11.4b | 79.9 ± 10.9b | 81.7 ± 12.0a | 82.5 ± 11.4a | 0.002 |
| Triglycerides(mg/dL) | 153.4 ± 98.4b | 153.1 ± 103.2b | 169.4 ± 128.3b | 186.5 ± 140.1a | <0.001 |
| HDL-cholesterol(mg/dL) | 44.2 ± 9.6c | 45.1 ± 9.8c | 49.1 ± 11.4b | 50.7 ± 11.7a | <0.001 |
| AST(IU/L) | 26.8 ± 15.5bc | 25.0 ± 8.9c | 28.3 ± 15.3b | 31.9 ± 15.6a | <0.001 |
| ALT(IU/L) | 29.9 ± 31.9ab | 26.1 ± 15.5b | 29.9 ± 31.6ab | 32.1 ± 21.8a | 0.018 |
| Total cholesterol(mg/dL) | 197.3 ± 33.8a | 196.4 ± 33.4a | 201.4 ± 33.5a | 198.5 ± 39.0a | 0.085 |
| Γ-GTP | 31.1 ± 25.2c | 31.2 ± 26.6c | 53.9 ± 85.1b | 78.4 ± 82.1a | <0.001 |
| IGI60 1 | 6.2(5.3–7.2)ab | 7.2(6.2–8.2)a | 6.3(5.6–7.0)ab | 5.3(4.4–6.3)b | 0.067 |
| ISI2 | 9.7(9.0–10.4)a | 9.5(8.9–10.0)a | 9.2(8.8–9.6)a | 10.0(9.3–10.7)a | 0.240 |
All data except β-cell function and insulin sensitivity are represented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). 1Insulin secretion refers to the insulinogenic index (IGI60) and is shown as the geometric mean (95% confidence interval, CI). 2Insulin sensitivity refers to the Matsuda index (ISI) and is shown as the geometric mean (95% confidence interval, CI). The participants were categorized into four groups based on follow-up measurement (consumption pattern). 3p-values were determined using one-way anova and post-hoc (Duncan) for continuous variables in according to alcohol consumption pattern at baseline and over 10-years. a,b,c,dDifferent letters indicate significant difference of means among four groups by Duncan test.