Table 4.
Study characteristics: observational and experience sampling method studies.
| First author and year | Study source (country) | n (%) (male) |
Age Mean (SDa) |
Specific diagnosis (eg, FEPb, chronic) | Study design | Description of study and type of technology | Control group | Outcome measures |
| Brenner 2014 [22] | United States | 24 (17) | 44.88 (9.27) years | Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder | Single group design | Hand-held device to prompt in the moment ratings of positive and negative affect | No | Comparison of baseline scores and momentary affective forecasting throughout the week |
| Kimhy 2014 [17] | United States | 104 (55) | Schizophrenia: 32.15 (9.19) years, control: 23.95 (5.01) |
Schizophrenia spectrum disorder | Case-control study | Rating of momentary emotions (sadness, anxiety, anger, and happiness) using mobile electronic devices | Yes, healthy controls | Measures of emotional granularity from ESMcresponses and social functioning: PSRSd, interview, ability task (MSCEITe) Toronto Alexithymia scale, or difficulty identifying feelings or test of reading ability; WTARf, BAIg, BDIh, symptoms; SAPSi, Neurcog; MATRICS |
| Hartley 2014 [41] | United Kingdom | 32 ( 22) | 33 (10.7) years | Schizophrenia spectrum disorders, 3+ on the PANSSjfor hallucinations | Single group design | ESM using a palm computer to capture whether worry and rumination are associated with persecutory delusions and hallucinations | None | Metacognitions around worry; Negative beliefs about ruminations scale, meta-worry questionnaire, |
| Kimhy 2014 [9] | United States | 33 (18) | 27.8 (6.3) years | Schizophrenia spectrum disorders, in patient setting | Single group design | The use of mobile devices to monitor symptoms in in-patient environments | None | Self-report rating of mood and symptoms |
| So 2013 [42] | China and the United Kingdom | 26 (13) | 36.12 (range 20-63) years | In-patients with acute delusions scoring 4+ on the PANSS, schizophrenia spectrum disorder | Single group design | The use of mobile devices (PDA) to monitor symptoms in inpatient environments after the introduction or reintroduction of antipsychotic medication | None | Symptoms: SAPS, PANSS, PSYRATSk |
| Sanchez 2014 [43] | United States | 88 (61) | Schizophrenia: 39.55 (13.95), control: 36.83 (14.89) | Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective disorder | Case-control study | Ecological momentary sampling to examine the relationship between emotion, experience, and environment | Healthy control group | PANSS, MATRICS neurocognitive battery |
| Ben-Zeev 2016 [6] | United States | 20 (16) | 39 (12) | Schizophrenia spectrum disorders | Pilot single group design | Acceptability of mobile behavioral sensing | None | Usability and acceptability measures |
aSD: standard deviation.
bFEP: first episode psychosis.
cESM: experience sampling method.
dPSRS: positive symptom rating scale.
eMSCEIT: Mayer-Salovey-Caruso emotional intelligence test.
fWTAR: Wechsler test of adult reading.
gBAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory
jBDi: Beck depression inventory.
iSAPS: scale for the assessment for positive symptoms.
jPANSS: positive and negative syndrome scale.
kPSYRATS: psychotic symptom rating scales.