Table 6.
Univariate and multivariate risk factor analysis for P. vivax and P. falciparum infection in Cahuide (CAH)
| P. vivax by PCR | P. falciparum by PCR | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | N | % | OR | OR [95% CI] | AOR | AOR [95% CI] | n | N | % | OR | OR [95% CI] | AOR | AOR [95% CI] | |||||
| Gender | ||||||||||||||||||
| Female | 19 | 471 | 4.0 | Ref | Ref | 12 | 471 | 2.5 | Ref | |||||||||
| Male | 44 | 542 | 8.1 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 3.8 | 2.0* | 1.1 | 3.6 | 14 | 542 | 2.6 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 2.3 | |||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||||||||
| <15 | 13 | 401 | 3.2 | Ref | Ref | 17 | 401 | 4.2 | 5.6* | 1.3 | 24.8 | 5.5* | 1.3 | 24.4 | ||||
| 15–39 | 30 | 362 | 8.3 | 2.8* | 1.4 | 5.5 | 2.8* | 1.4 | 5.6 | 7 | 362 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 0.5 | 12.0 | 2.3 | 0.5 | 11.3 |
| ≥40 | 20 | 249 | 8.0 | 2.6* | 1.2 | 5.5 | 2.4* | 1.2 | 5.1 | 2 | 249 | 0.8 | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Time in village (years) | ||||||||||||||||||
| <2 | 17 | 237 | 7.2 | Ref | 5 | 237 | 2.1 | Ref | ||||||||||
| 2–9 | 26 | 448 | 5.8 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 15 | 448 | 3.3 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 4.6 | ||||||
| ≥10 | 20 | 328 | 6.1 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 1.9 | 6 | 328 | 1.8 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 2.8 | ||||||
| Education | ||||||||||||||||||
| None | 7 | 135 | 5.2 | Ref | 5 | 135 | 3.7 | Ref | ||||||||||
| Incomplete primary | 23 | 397 | 5.8 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 3.0 | 10 | 397 | 2.5 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 2.0 | ||||||
| Complete primary | 17 | 242 | 7.0 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 4.1 | 5 | 242 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 1.9 | ||||||
| Secondary | 16 | 237 | 6.8 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 3.9 | 6 | 237 | 2.5 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 2.2 | ||||||
| Forest-related job | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | 37 | 750 | 4.9 | Ref | Ref | 25 | 750 | 3.3 | Ref | |||||||||
| Yes (≤5 day/week) | 4 | 38 | 10.5 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 3.1 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 3.3 | 0 | 183 | 0.0 | NC | |||||
| Yes (>5 day/week) | 16 | 168 | 9.5 | 3.4* | 1.6 | 7.2 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 2.3 | 1 | 79 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 3.4 | |||
| Trip previous month | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | 61 | 969 | 6.3 | Ref | 26 | 969 | 2.7 | Ref | ||||||||||
| Yes | 2 | 44 | 4.5 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 3.2 | 0 | 44 | 0.0 | NC | ||||||||
| Malaria episodes (previous 12 months) | ||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 31 | 499 | 6.2 | Ref | 16 | 499 | 3.2 | Ref | ||||||||||
| ≥1 episodes | 32 | 512 | 6.3 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 10 | 512 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1.3 | ||||||
| Overcrowding (>3 persons/bedroom) | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | 23 | 425 | 5.4 | Ref | 14 | 425 | 3.3 | Ref | ||||||||||
| Yes | 40 | 588 | 6.8 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 2.3 | 12 | 588 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1.4 | ||||||
| Bednet coverage, % | ||||||||||||||||||
| ≥80 | 60 | 985 | 6.1 | Ref | 26 | 985 | 2.6 | Ref | ||||||||||
| <80 | 3 | 28 | 10.7 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 8.8 | 0 | 28 | 0.0 | NC | ||||||||
| Roof material | ||||||||||||||||||
| Calamine | 14 | 144 | 9.7 | Ref | 7 | 144 | 4.9 | Ref | ||||||||||
| Palm | 49 | 865 | 5.7 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 19 | 865 | 2.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1.1 | ||||||
| Floor material | ||||||||||||||||||
| Cement | 9 | 122 | 7.4 | Ref | 6 | 122 | 4.9 | Ref | ||||||||||
| Wood | 32 | 590 | 5.4 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 14 | 590 | 2.4 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.3 | ||||||
| Dirt | 22 | 301 | 7.3 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 2.5 | 6 | 301 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 1.3 | ||||||
| Electricity | ||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 26 | 560 | 4.6 | Ref | Ref | 20 | 560 | 3.6 | 2.7 | 1.1 | 7.1 | 2.8 | 1.1 | 7.4 | ||||
| No | 37 | 453 | 8.2 | 1.9* | 1.0 | 3.3 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 3.4 | 6 | 453 | 1.3 | Ref | Ref | ||||
Random-effects variance for adjusted P. vivax model = 0.48
Random-effects variance for adjusted P. falciparum model = 0.36
Ref reference, NC non calculated
* p < 0.05