Figure 1. Nanopaticulate-based vaccines may address several of the key variables associated with constructing effective vaccines.

(A) Several key variables need to be incorporated in the design of optimal vaccines. Variables, such as the nature of the antigen, immunepotentiation and the delivery vehicle, can be integrated simultaneously into the design of particulates for vaccination. (B) A modular vaccine particulate system. A core matrix supports the encapsulation or direct conjugation of antigens. Targeting ligands, such as DC-specific antibodies or epithelial cell-specific ligands, facilitate intracellular transport. Negotiation of the particulate through physiological barriers (low pH in the gastrointestinal tract, elimination from bloodstream) can be achieved with the addition of protective elements to the particle surface. DC: Dendritic cell.