Table 1.

Examples of targeted and untargeted particulate systems.

Particle system	Targeting ligands	Antigen*	Size	Route of administration‡	Type of immunity
Cross-linked monomers [62,99]	DEC-205 [62], CpG oligonucleotides [99]	OVA	200–500 nm	sc.	Cellular and humoral [62,99]
PLGA	Monophosphoryl lipid A [100], RGD [92]	MUC1 peptide [100] HA peptide [101]	200–310 nm	sc. [100, 101] in. [101] oral [92]	Cellular [100] and humoral [92,101]
Magnetic [102]		BSA	100–150 nm	ip.	Humoral [102]
PEG-PPS [40,41]		OVA	20–100 nm	id.	Cellular and humoral
Liposomes	LPS, IFN-G, CD11C and anti-DEC205 [103], CpG [104]	OVA [103], TAA [104]	100–500 nm	iv. [103], sc. [104]	Cellular and humoral
Polystyrene [105]		OVA	40–50 nm	id.	Cellular and humoral
Chitosan	Mannose [106]	OVA [107], HA [108], BSA [109], HBV [106]	400 nm-3 μm	in. [107,108], ip., oral [109], im. [106]	Cellular [106] and humoral
Dendriplexes-PLGA [110]		Anthrax	200–400 nm	im.	Humoral
Poly(glutamic acid) [111–113]		HIV epitopes	200–450 nm	in.	Cellular

^*MUC1, OVA, TAA, HA, BSA, HBV.

^‡sc., id., im., in., ip., iv.

BSA: Bovine serum albumin; HA: Hemagglutinin antigen; HBV: Hepatitis B viral peptide; id.: Intradermal; im.: Intramuscular; in.: Intranasal; ip.: Intraperitoneal; iv.: Intravenous; MUC1: Mucin 1 peptide; OVA: Ovalbumin; PEG-PPS: Poly(ethylene glycol) polypropylene sulfide); PLGA: Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); sc.: Subcutaneous; TAA: Tumor-associated antigens.