Table 2.

Results of clinical trials designed for patients with peripheral arterial disease

Clinical trial	No. of patients	Patient population	Drugs studied	Primary end point	Outcomes
COMPASS[44,45] (2017)	27402	Peripheral arterial disease or coronary artery disease	Rivaroxaban plus aspirin or rivaroxaban alone vs aspirin alone	Myocardial infarction, stroke, CV death and the time from randomization to the first occurrence of major bleeding	Preliminary results: Trial stopped prematurely. One of rivaroxaban arms proved to be superior to aspirin alone No disclosed information on the primary bleeding endpoint or the regimen that showed superiority to aspirin alone
EUCLID[41] (2016)	13885	PAD (ABI ≤ 0.80 or prior (> 30 d) revascularization of the lower extremities)	Ticagrelor vs clopidogrel	CV death, MI, or ischemic stroke	10.8% in ticagrelor group vs 10.6% in clopidogrel group (P = 0.65)
MIRROR[39] (2012)	80	PAD treated with endovascular therapy	Dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin plus clopidogrel) vs aspirin monotherapy	Local concentrations of platelet activation markers β-thromboglobulin and CD40L	Reduced peri-interventional platelet activation and improved functional outcome in the dual antiplatelet therapy group
Berger et al[13] (Meta-analysis-2009)	5269	PAD (patients with claudication, those undergoing percutaneous intervention or bypass surgery, and asymptomatic patients with an ABI of 0.99 or less)	Aspirin or combination of aspirin plus dipyridamole vs placebo	Composite end point of non-fatal MI, nonfatal stroke, and CV death	8.9% in aspirin or combination of aspirin and dipyridamole, 11% in placebo (95%CI: 0.76-1.04)
WAVE[43] (2007)	2161	PAD (atherosclerosis of the arteries of lower extremities, carotid arteries or subclavian arteries)	Antiplatelet agent plus oral anticoagulant vs antiplatelet therapy in patients with PAD	CV death, MI and stroke	12.2% in combination therapy group and 13.3% in antiplatelet therapy alone (95%CI: 0.73 to 1.16; P = 0.48)
Thompson et al[29] (Meta-analysis-2002)	2702	PAD (stable, moderate to severe claudication)	Cilostazol vs placebo	MWD, pain free walking distance	MWD: 44% and 50% (cilostazol 50 mg and 100 mg respectively) and 21.4% in placebo (P < 0.05) Pain-free walking distance: 60% and 67% (cilostazol 50 and 100 mg respectively) and 40% in placebo group (P < 0.05)
BOA[42] (2000)	2690	Patients undergone infra-inguinal bypass surgery	Warfarin vs aspirin	Graft occlusion	No observed difference in warfarin compared to aspirin (HR = 0.95; 95%CI: 0.82-1.11)

ABI: Ankle brachial index; CV: Cardiovascular; HR: Hazard ratio; MI: Myocardial infarction; MWD: Mean walking distance.