Table 2.

Results of studies

Ref.	Measure of hand function and vascular complications	Follow up post procedure	Results
Benit et al[26]	Local complications assessed in clinic by history and EMG	1 mo	Nerve damage documented by EMG: 0/50 Local pain: 0/50
Campeau et al[27]	Patients were re-examined or questioned over telephone about local complications	1 to 3 mo	No nerve injury: 0/100
Chatelain et al[28]	Physicians assessed for any clinical events	Assessment prior to discharge	Paraesthesia of right thumb during exercise: 1/159
De Belder et al[29]	Clinical evaluation	4-6 wk	Haematoma and paraethesia post procedure: 1/75 Hand sensation and function at 4-6 wk: 0/75
Kiemeneij et al[30]	Examination and ultrasound study performed if radial artery pulsations or flow were absent	1 to 3 mo	Functional disability of the hand: 0/100
Lotan et al[31]	Assessment methods unclear	1 mo follow up	Small hematoma in wrist: 3/100 Small pseudoaneurysm: 2/100 Numbness of the thumb and index finger: 1/100 No flow on Doppler: 2/100
Prull et al[32]	Clinical evaluation with ultrasound	Post-procedure assessment	Vascular complication: 9/93 Motor skills, coordination or force reduction of hand after procedure: 0/93 No pseudoaneurysm: 0/93
Sciahbasi et al[33]	Radial artery occlusion by ultrasound test. Handgrip strength by Jamar Plus dynamometer. Thumb and forefinger pinch test by Jamar Plus electronic pinch gauge	Day of procedure and at least 30 d follow up	Radial artery occlusion: 9/99 Hand grip strength change at follow up: 0/99 Thumb and forefinger pinch test change at follow up: 0/99
Tharmaratnam et al[35]	Questionnaire posted to address and clinical notes for significant clinical events	Unclear	Problem with radial access site: 166/1283 (12.9%) Pain at puncture site: 95/1283 (7.4%) Swelling: 46/1283 (3.6%) Bruising: 30/1283 (2.3%) Non-specific sensory abnormalities either pain or paraesthesia in hand: 22/1283 (1.71%)
Valgimigli et al[39]	Radial artery occlusion by duplex echocardiographic examination. Hand grip strength test with dynanometer	Just after procedure, 1 d, 30 d and 1 yr	Radial artery occlusions at day 1: 5/942 Radial artery occlusions at 1 year: 3/942 Change in handgrip strength test: 0/942 Ischemic vascular or bleeding complications: 0/942
Van Leeuwen et al[24]	Quick DASH questionnaire and CISS questionnaire. Patients were asked to describe any procedure-related extremity complaints or loss of function at 1 mo	Pre, 30 d and 1 yr post procedure	Temporary upper limb complaint (< 30 d): 26/286 (9%) Persisting upper limb complaint (> 30 d): 31/286 (11%) Pain: 13/286 Numbness: 2/286 Tingling: 3/286 Stiffness: 2/286 Less power: 2/286 Upper limb function by QuickDASH at 30 d: No change over time, baseline 4.55 (IQR 0-13.64), follow up 2.27 (IQR 0-9.32) Upper limb function by CISS at 30 d: No change over time Upper limb function by QuickDASH at 1 yr: no change over time, baseline 2.39 (IQR 0-13.64), follow up 0 (0-11.02) Cold intolerance was not associated with access route at 1 yr
Wu et al[37]	Ultrasound assessment for radial artery occlusion, aneurysm or dissection. Grip strength based on dynamometer results. Palmar pinch, key pinch and tip pinch strength tests were assessed by dynamic endurance test	Late follow up 315 d	Hand complication in hospital: 0/40 Radial occlusion: 1/40 Late radial occlusions: 5/34 Radial artery aneurysm: 0/40 Radial artery dissection 0/40 Grip strength: Baseline 68 ± 34, post-catheterization 69 ± 35 Palmar pinch: Baseline 18 ± 10, post-catheterization 17 ± 6 Key pinch: Baseline 19 ± 7, post-catheterization 19 ± 6 Tip pinch: Baseline 14 ± 6, post-catheterization 14 ± 4 Endurance: Median for 6 Fr and 8 Fr is 78 (IQR 53, 108) and 58 (IQR 32, 68) respectively, post-catheterization 58 (IQR 47, 84) and 56 (IQR 38, 80), respectively
Zankl et al[34]	Assessment with ultrasound	4 wk follow up	Radial artery occlusion at 1 d: 51/488 Persistent radial artery occlusion at 4 wk: 21/488 Radial nerve paralysis: 1/488

CISS: Cold intolerance symptom severity; EMG: Electromyography.