(A) Heparin competitive binding assay. Lanes 1, 7, 12: pDNA control, pDNA@TR4, and pDNA@PEI without heparin treatment, respectively. Lanes 3–6: pDNA@TR4 at a N/P ratio of 4 treated with heparin at concentrations of 1, 3, 5, and 7 mg/mL, respectively. Lanes 8–11: pDNA@TR4 at a N/P ratio of 2 treated with heparin at concentrations of 1, 3, 5, and 7 mg/mL, respectively. Lanes 13–16: pDNA@PEI treated with heparin at concentrations of 1, 3, 5, and 7 mg/mL, respectively. (B) DNase I digestion assay. Lanes 1, 5, 9: pDNA control, pDNA@TR4, and pDNA@PEI without DNase I treatment, respectively. Lanes 2–4: Naked pDNA treated with DNase I for 10, 20, and 30 min, respectively. Lanes 6– 8: pDNA@TR4 treated with DNase I for 10, 20, and 30 min, respectively. Lanes 10–12: pDNA@PEI treated with DNase I for 10, 20, and 30 min, respectively.