Table 2. Crude and adjusted mean difference (95%confidence interval) in common carotid intima media thickness (mm) by arsenic levels and traditional vascular risk factors (N=2,402).
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arsenic, p80 vs. p20 | 0.01 (0.00, 0.02) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.02) |
| Arsenic quartiles | ||||
| < 5.64 μg/g | 0.00 (reference) | 0.00 (reference) | 0.00 (reference) | 0.00 (reference) |
| 5.65-9.24 | 0.01 (-0.01, 0.02) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.03) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.03) | 0.01 (-0.01, 0.02) |
| 9.25-14.75 | 0.01 (0.00, 0.03) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.03) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.03) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.03) |
| 14.76-123.61 | 0.02 (0.00, 0.03) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.04) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.04) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.04) |
| iAs, p80 vs. p20 | 0.01 (0.00, 0.02) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.02) |
| MMA, p80 vs. p20 | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.02) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) |
| DMA, p80 vs. p20 | 0.01 (0.00, 0.02) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.02) |
| iAs%, 5% increase | 0.00 (-0.01, 0.01) | 0.00 (-0.01, 0.00) | 0.00 (-0.01, 0.01) | 0.00 (-0.01, 0.01) |
| MMA%, 5% increase | 0.00 (0.00, 0.01) | 0.00 (-0.01, 0.00) | 0.00 (-0.01, 0.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.01) |
| DMA%, 5% increase | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.01) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.00 (-0.01, 0.00) |
| Age, per 10 years | 0.07 (0.06, 0.08) | 0.07 (0.06, 0.08) | 0.07 (0.06, 0.08) | 0.08 (0.07, 0.09) |
| Female vs. male | -0.04 (-0.05, -0.02) | -0.04 (-0.05, -0.03) | -0.04 (-0.05, -0.02) | -0.04 (-0.05, -0.03) |
| Education | ||||
| Some vs. no HS | 0.00 (-0.02, 0.01) | 0.00 (-0.01, 0.02) | 0.00 (-0.02, 0.02) | 0.00 (-0.02, 0.02) |
| HS vs. no HS | -0.03 (-0.05, -0.02) | -0.01 (-0.02, 0.01) | -0.01 (-0.02, 0.01) | -0.01 (-0.02, 0.01) |
| Smoking | ||||
| Former vs. never | 0.02 (0.01, 0.04) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.03) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.03) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.03) |
| Current vs. never | -0.01 (-0.02, 0.01) | 0.00 (-0.01, 0.02) | 0.00 (-0.01, 0.02) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.03) |
| Body mass index | ||||
| 25-29 vs. <25 kg/m2 | 0.03 (0.02, 0.05) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.05) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.05) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.05) |
| ≥30 vs. <25 kg/m2 | 0.03 (0.01, 0.05) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.06) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.06) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.05) |
| Hypertension (yes vs. no) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.05) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.03) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.03) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.02) |
| Diabetes (yes vs. no) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.05) | 0.03 (0.02, 0.05) | 0.03 (0.02, 0.05) | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) |
| LDL cholesterol, p80 vs. p20 | 0.01 (-0.01, 0.02) | 0.00 (-0.01, 0.01) | 0.01 (-0.01, 0.01) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.02) |
| eGFR ≤60 vs. > 60 mL/min/1.73m2 | 0.01 (-0.03, 0.05) | -0.02 (-0.06, 0.01) | -0.02 (-0.06, 0.01) | -0.03 (-0.07, 0.01) |
eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, HS: high school, LDL: low density lipoprotein
Arsenic is measured as the sum of inorganic and methylated arsenic species in urine and it was log-transformed for the analyses. The 20th and 80th percentiles (p20, p80) of arsenic were 5.00 and 17.06 μg/g creatinine, respectively.
20th and 80th percentiles (p20, p80) of iAs were 0.28 and 1.59 μg/g creatinine, respectively.
20th and 80th percentiles (p20, p80) of MMA were 0.64 and 2.38 μg/g creatinine, respectively.
20th and 80th percentiles (p20, p80) of DMA were 3.83 and 12.80 μg/g creatinine, respectively.
The 20th and 80th percentiles of LDL cholesterol were 90 and 143 mg/dL, respectively.
Model 1: Crude. Model 2: Adjusted for age (years) and sex. Model 3: Further adjusted for education (no high school/some high school/high school graduate) and smoking (never/former/current). Model 4: Further adjusted for body mass index (<25, 25-29, ≥30 kg/m2), hypertension, diabetes, LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) and eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2).