Table 3. Crude and adjusted relative risk (95% confidence interval) of presence of plaque in the common carotid by arsenic levels and traditional vascular risk factors (N=2,402).
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arsenic, p80 vs p20 | 1.04 (0.98, 1.09) | 1.06 (1.01, 1.12) | 1.05 (1.00, 1.10) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.09) |
| Arsenic quartiles | ||||
| < 5.64 μg/g | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 5.65-9.24 | 1.02 (0.93, 1.11) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.14) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.13) |
| 9.25-14.75 | 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) | 1.04 (0.95, 1.13) | 1.03 (0.94, 1.11) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) |
| 14.76-123.61 | 1.03 (0.95, 1.12) | 1.07 (0.98, 1.16) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.14) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.12) |
| iAs, p80 vs. p20 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) |
| MMA, p80 vs. p20 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) |
| DMA, p80 vs. p20 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.03) |
| iAs%, 5% increase | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) |
| MMA%, 5% increase | 1.03 (1.01, 1.04) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) |
| DMA%, 5% increase | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) | 0.99 (0.99, 1.00) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) |
| Age, per 10 years | 1.32 (1.27, 1.39) | 1.33 (1.27, 1.39) | 1.34 (1.28, 1.41) | 1.29 (1.23, 1.36) |
| Female vs. male | 0.85 (0.80, 0.90) | 0.84 (0.79, 0.89) | 0.86 (0.82, 0.92) | 0.88 (0.84, 0.94) |
| Education | ||||
| Some vs. no HS | 0.99 (0.91, 1.07) | 1.02 (0.93, 1.11) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.10) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.10) |
| HS vs. no HS | 0.87 (0.81, 0.94) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.03) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.03) | 0.94 (0.88, 1.01) |
| Smoking | ||||
| Former vs. never | 1.07 (0.99, 1.16) | 1.06 (0.98, 1.15) | 1.07 (0.99, 1.16) | 1.08 (1.00, 1.16) |
| Current vs. never | 1.22 (1.14, 1.32) | 1.26 (1.17, 1.35) | 1.26 (1.18, 1.36) | 1.26 (1.17, 1.35) |
| Body mass index | ||||
| 25-29 vs. <25 kg/m2 | 0.99 (0.91, 1.07) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.07) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) |
| ≥30 vs. <25 kg/m2 | 0.80 (0.74, 0.87) | 0.84 (0.77, 0.91) | 0.87 (0.80, 0.95) | 0.83 (0.77, 0.90) |
| Hypertension (yes vs. no) | 1.12 (1.06, 1.19) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.10) | 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) | 1.05 (0.99, 1.11) |
| Diabetes (yes vs. no) | 1.18 (1.11, 1.25) | 1.17 (1.10, 1.23) | 1.20 (1.13, 1.27) | 1.26 (1.19, 1.33) |
| LDL cholesterol, p80 vs. p20 | 1.21 (1.15, 1.28) | 1.20 (1.14, 1.26) | 1.20 (1.14, 1.26) | 1.21 (1.15, 1.27) |
| eGFR ≤60 vs. > 60 mL/min/1.73m2 | 1.28 (1.13, 1.45) | 1.19 (1.01, 1.39) | 1.18 (1.01, 1.39) | 1.11 (0.93, 1.33) |
eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, HS: high school, LDL: low density lipoprotein
Arsenic is measured as the sum of inorganic and methylated arsenic species in urine and it was log-transformed for the analyses. The 20th and 80th percentiles (p20, p80) of arsenic were 5.00 and 17.06 μg/g creatinine, respectively
20th and 80th percentiles (p20, p80) of iAs were 0.28 and 1.59 μg/g creatinine, respectively.
20th and 80th percentiles (p20, p80) of MMA were 0.64 and 2.38 μg/g creatinine, respectively.
20th and 80th percentiles (p20, p80) of DMA were 3.83 and 12.80 μg/g creatinine, respectively.
The 20th and 80th percentiles of LDL cholesterol were 90 and 143 mg/dL, respectively.
Model 1: Crude. Model 2: Adjusted for age (years) and sex. Model 3: Further adjusted for education (no high school/some high school/high school graduate) and smoking (never/former/current). Model 4: Further adjusted for body mass index (<25, 25-29, ≥30 kg/m2), hypertension, diabetes, LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) and eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2).