Table 4.
Newborn outcomes by maternal immunization status among linked mother-newborn pairs in the US, 2010–2014.
| Immunization timing | Cases | % | Crude | Adjusted | IPTW | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||
| HR | (95% CI) | HR | (95% CI) | HR | (95% CI) | ||||
| NICU admission | None in pregnancy | 42,904 | 7.39 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Optimal | 6,996 | 7.25 | 0.98 | (0.96, 1.01) | 0.97 | (0.95, 1.00) | 1.00 | (0.97, 1.03) | |
| Early | 1,458 | 8.93 | 1.22 | (1.16, 1.29) | 0.93 | (0.88, 0.98) | 0.95 | (0.89, 1.01) | |
| Respiratory distress | None in pregnancy | 37,241 | 6.41 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Optimal | 5,739 | 5.94 | 0.93 | (0.90, 0.95) | 0.99 | (0.96, 1.02) | 0.97 | (0.95, 1.00) | |
| Early | 1,125 | 6.89 | 1.08 | (1.02, 1.14) | 0.91 | (0.86, 0.97) | 0.94 | (0.88, 1.00) | |
| Pulmonary hypertension | None in pregnancy | 1,408 | 0.24 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Optimal | 205 | 0.21 | 0.88 | (0.76, 1.01) | 0.85 | (0.72, 1.00) | 0.80 | (0.67, 0.94) | |
| Early | 50 | 0.31 | 1.26 | (0.95, 1.68) | 0.99 | (0.74, 1.32) | 0.96 | (0.68, 1.35) | |
| Neonatal jaundice | None in pregnancy | 90,215 | 15.54 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Optimal | 14,603 | 15.13 | 0.97 | (0.96, 0.99) | 1.06 | (1.04, 1.08) | 0.98 | (0.97, 1.00) | |
| Early | 2,562 | 15.70 | 1.01 | (0.97, 1.05) | 1.00 | (0.97, 1.05) | 0.94 | (0.90, 0.98) | |
| Encephalopathy | None in pregnancy | 577 | 0.10 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Optimal | 135 | 0.14 | 1.41 | (1.17, 1.70) | 1.20 | (0.97, 1.49) | 1.01 | (0.80, 1.28) | |
| Early | 30 | 0.18 | 1.85 | (1.28, 2.67) | 1.36 | (0.93, 1.99) | 0.94 | (0.54, 1.61) | |
| Seizures | None in pregnancy | 1,607 | 0.28 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Optimal | 261 | 0.27 | 0.98 | (0.86, 1.12) | 0.95 | (0.82, 1.10) | 1.06 | (0.92, 1.21) | |
| Early | 75 | 0.46 | 1.67 | (1.32, 2.10) | 1.38 | (1.08, 1.76) | 1.18 | (0.88, 1.59) | |
| Neonatal sepsis | None in pregnancy | 13,187 | 2.27 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Optimal | 1,774 | 1.84 | 0.81 | (0.77, 0.85) | 0.83 | (0.79, 0.88) | 0.89 | (0.84, 0.94) | |
| Early | 394 | 2.41 | 1.07 | (0.97, 1.18) | 0.89 | (0.81, 0.99) | 0.91 | (0.81, 1.02) | |
Abbreviations: IPTW, inverse probability of treatment weighting; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit.
Models adjusted for: maternal age, delivery year, maternal hospitalizations and emergency department visits, other covered children on health insurance plan, US region, residence in a Metropolitan Statistical Area, receipt of prenatal obstetric blood panel, ultrasound receipt, hypertension, diabetes, gestational diabetes, kidney dysfunction, lupus, use of antihypertensives, use of antidiabetic medications, use of antidepressants, use of antibiotics, premature delivery, postmature delivery, preeclampsia/eclampsia, caesarean section, newborn sex, and meconium aspiration.