Table 3.
Odds ratios for receiving formal help according to different determinants
| Adjusted for gender and age | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Male | 0.64 | 0.44–0.91 | 0.56 | 0.37–0.85 | 0.57 | 0.38–0.88 | 0.70 | 0.43–1.15 |
| Age | ||||||||
| 70–74 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 75–79 | 2.39 | 1.24–4.59 | 1.57 | 0.85–2.92 | 1.59 | 0.87–2.93 | 1.63 | 0.88–3.03 |
| 80–84 | 9.07 | 5.29–15.6 | 4.27 | 2.39–7.60 | 4.14 | 2.33–7.35 | 4.18 | 2.33–7.49 |
| 85–99 | 16.16 | 9.04–28.9 | 3.98 | 2.19–7.25 | 3.77 | 2.08–6.83 | 3.05 | 1.63–5.71 |
| Cognitive ability | ||||||||
| Good | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Fairly good | 2.09 | 1.35–3.23 | 1.67 | 1.03–2.70 | 1.65 | 1.02–2.69 | 1.72 | 1.03–2.89 |
| Fairly poor | 3.32 | 1.98–5.57 | 1.49 | 0.81–2.74 | 1.43 | 0.77–2.66 | 1.21 | 0.62–2.34 |
| Poor | 4.10 | 2.35–7.13 | 1.43 | 0.73–2.82 | 1.35 | 0.69–2.66 | 1.30 | 0.64–2.64 |
| Mobility | ||||||||
| No limitations | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Some limitations | 3.40 | 2.07–5.59 | 1.69 | 0.94–3.03 | 1.71 | 0.93–3.14 | 1.60 | 0.81–3.15 |
| Severe limitations | 11.17 | 6.48–19.3 | 2.64 | 1.27–5.49 | 2.84 | 1.33–6.09 | 2.44 | 1.06–5.63 |
| PADL limitations | ||||||||
| No limitations | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Limitations in 1–2 functions | 2.82 | 1.84–4.34 | 0.94 | 0.54–1.65 | 0.86 | 0.48–1.54 | 0.94 | 0.51–1.70 |
| Limitations in 3–5 functions | 9.30 | 5.42–16.0 | 1.41 | 0.66–2.99 | 1.35 | 0.62–2.98 | 1.47 | 0.67–3.24 |
| IADL limitations | ||||||||
| No limitations | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Limitations in 1–2 functions | 6.78 | 3.93–11.7 | 4.83 | 2.61–8.92 | 4.78 | 2.56–8.94 | 4.34 | 2.35–8.02 |
| Limitations in 3–4 functions | 19.24 | 11.5–32.2 | 8.85 | 4.07–19.2 | 8.98 | 3.94–20.5 | 9.55 | 3.93–23.2 |
| Education | ||||||||
| More than upper basic | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Upper basic | 0.77 | 0.43–1.37 | 0.70 | 0.34–1.43 | 0.75 | 0.36–1.56 | ||
| Lower basic or unknown | 1.64 | 1.05–2.55 | 1.25 | 0.70–2.23 | 1.64 | 0.90–3.00 | ||
| Household equivalized income | ||||||||
| 1st quartile (highest) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 2nd quartile | 0.87 | 0.51–1.49 | 0.60 | 0.31–1.16 | 0.40 | 0.19–0.83 | ||
| 3rd quartile | 1.01 | 0.60–1.69 | 0.67 | 0.35–1.28 | 0.49 | 0.25–0.98 | ||
| 4th quartile (lowest) | 1.25 | 0.78–2.01 | 0.93 | 0.50–1.76 | 0.56 | 0.28–1.12 | ||
| Type of municipality | ||||||||
| Rural | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Densely populated | 1.21 | 0.78–1.88 | 1.38 | 0.81–2.35 | 1.36 | 0.78–2.38 | ||
| Ten largest cities | 1.03 | 0.65–1.61 | 1.57 | 0.87–2.83 | 1.16 | 0.64–2.11 | ||
| Living arrangements and spousal help | ||||||||
| Lives alone | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Lives with spouse, no spousal help | 0.26 | 0.14–0.48 | 0.59 | 0.31–1.11 | ||||
| Lives with spouse, receives spousal help | 1.15 | 0.66–2.00 | 0.35 | 0.15–0.82 | ||||
| Lives with other(s) than spouse | 0.63 | 0.34–1.17 | 0.11 | 0.04–0.29 | ||||
| Help from children or their spouses | ||||||||
| No help from children | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Less than weekly help | 5.44 | 3.01–9.85 | 3.03 | 1.48–6.21 | ||||
| One or a few times a week | 7.81 | 4.39–13.9 | 3.71 | 2.02–6.81 | ||||
| At least daily help | 8.29 | 4.39–15.7 | 4.78 | 1.74–13.2 | ||||
| No children | 4.46 | 2.60–7.67 | 3.77 | 2.05–6.94 | ||||
| Help from other relatives, friends and neighbors | ||||||||
| No help from others | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| Less than weekly help | 2.51 | 1.30–4.84 | 1.39 | 0.70–2.76 | ||||
| At least weekly help | 3.43 | 1.89–6.24 | 0.99 | 0.49–2.01 | ||||
aGender, age, cognitive ability, mobility, PADL and IADL limitations
bModel 1 + education, income and type of municipality
cModel 2 + living arrangements, help from children and help from relatives, friends and neighbors