Table 3.
Main pathway mediation models: functional limitations as mediators
| Model (Dep. Variable) | Predictor variable | B | Std. error | Beta | P value | Model R 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.A (ADL ability) | Constant | 3.28 | 2.00 | 0.10 | 0.18 | |
| Age | −0.03 | 0.02 | −0.10 | 0.19 | ||
| Vision | 0.44 | 0.09 | 0.39* | 0.00 | ||
| 1.B (Physical limitations) | Constant | −0.97 | 2.26 | 0.67 | 0.10 | |
| Age | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.08 | ||
| Vision | −0.29 | 0.10 | −0.24* | 0.00 | ||
| 1.C (ADL ability) | Constant | 2.66 | 1.38 | 0.06 | 0.61 | |
| Age | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.97 | ||
| Vision | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.22* | 0.00 | ||
| Physical limitations | −0.64 | 0.05 | −0.69* | 0.00 | ||
| 2.A (Immobility) | Constant | −1.11 | 3.81 | 0.77 | 0.16 | |
| Age | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.16 | ||
| Gender | 0.47 | 0.27 | 0.14 | 0.08 | ||
| Vision | −0.63 | 0.17 | −0.31* | 0.00 | ||
| 2.B (Physical limitations) | Constant | −1.34 | 2.30 | 0.55 | 0.11 | |
| Age | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.15 | 0.07 | ||
| Gender | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.30 | ||
| Vision | −0.28 | 0.10 | −0.23* | 0.01 | ||
| 2.C (Immobility) | Constant | −0.32 | 2.48 | 0.90 | 0.65 | |
| Age | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.74 | ||
| Gender | 0.34 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.06 | ||
| Vision | −0.23 | 0.11 | −0.11* | 0.04 | ||
| Physical limitations | 1.27 | 0.09 | 0.74* | 0.00 | ||
| 3.A (ADL ability) | Constant | 5.93 | 2.24 | 0.01 | 0.06 | |
| Age | −0.05 | 0.02 | −0.18* | 0.04 | ||
| Hearing | 0.18 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.14 | ||
| 3.B (Physical Limitations) | Constant | −1.79 | 2.41 | 0.46 | 0.07 | |
| Age | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.17* | 0.05 | ||
| Hearing | −0.23 | 0.13 | −0.15 | 0.08 | ||
| 3.C (ADL ability) | Constant | 4.69 | 1.50 | 0.00 | 0.58 | |
| Age | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.05 | 0.38 | ||
| Hearing | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.78 | ||
| Physical limitations | −0.69 | 0.05 | −0.75* | 0.00 | ||
| 4.A (ADL ability) | Constant | 1.99 | 2.02 | 0.33 | 0.18 | |
| Age | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.79 | ||
| Gender | 0.11 | 0.18 | 0.06 | 0.56 | ||
| Married | −0.02 | 0.19 | −0.01 | 0.91 | ||
| Lung function | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.44* | 0.00 | ||
| 4.B (Physical limitations) | Constant | 1.48 | 2.32 | 0.53 | 0.10 | |
| Age | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.63 | ||
| Gender | −0.15 | 0.21 | −0.08 | 0.49 | ||
| Married | −0.20 | 0.22 | −0.10 | 0.34 | ||
| Lung function | −0.00 | 0.00 | −0.29* | 0.00 | ||
| 4.C (ADL ability) | Constant | 2.79 | 1.59 | 0.08 | 0.50 | |
| Age | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.96 | ||
| Gender | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.85 | ||
| Married | −0.13 | 0.15 | −0.07 | 0.38 | ||
| Lung function | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.27* | 0.00 | ||
| Physical limitations | −0.54 | 0.06 | −0.60* | 0.00 | ||
| 5.A (Immobility) | Constant | 4.72 | 3.77 | 0.21 | 0.13 | |
| Age | −0.01 | 0.04 | −0.03 | 0.77 | ||
| Gender | −0.11 | 0.34 | −0.04 | 0.74 | ||
| Married | −0.05 | 0.35 | −0.01 | 0.89 | ||
| Lung function | −0.00 | 0.00 | −0.38* | 0.00 | ||
| 5.B (Physical limitations) | Constant | 1.48 | 2.32 | 0.53 | 0.10 | |
| Age | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.63 | ||
| Gender | −0.15 | 0.21 | −0.08 | 0.49 | ||
| Married | −0.20 | 0.22 | −0.10 | 0.36 | ||
| Lung function | −0.00 | 0.00 | −0.29* | 0.00 | ||
| 5.C (Immobility) | Constant | 2.60 | 2.55 | 0.31 | 0.61 | |
| Age | −0.02 | 0.03 | −0.05 | 0.40 | ||
| Gender | 0.10 | 0.23 | 0.03 | 0.68 | ||
| Married | 0.19 | 0.24 | 0.06 | 0.41 | ||
| Lung function | −0.00 | 0.00 | −0.18* | 0.01 | ||
| Physical limitations | 1.24 | 0.10 | 0.72* | 0.00 | ||
| 6.A (ADL ability) | Constant | 7.95 | 1.93 | 0.00 | 0.10 | |
| Age | −0.05 | 0.02 | −0.18* | 0.03 | ||
| Gender | −0.12 | 0.15 | −0.07 | 0.42 | ||
| Pulse | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.23* | 0.01 | ||
| 6.B (Physical limitations) | Constant | −3.80 | 2.13 | 0.08 | 0.06 | |
| Age | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.18* | 0.03 | ||
| Gender | 0.10 | 0.17 | 0.05 | 0.54 | ||
| Pulse | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.08 | ||
| 6.C (ADL ability) | Constant | 5.44 | 1.35 | 0.00 | 0.57 | |
| Age | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.05 | 0.36 | ||
| Gender | −0.06 | 0.11 | −0.03 | 0.60 | ||
| Pulse | −0.01 | 0.00 | −0.12* | 0.03 | ||
| Physical limitations | −0.66 | 0.05 | −0.71* | 0.00 | ||
| 7.A (Immobility) | Constant | −7.12 | 3.55 | 0.05 | 0.08 | |
| Age | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.18* | 0.03 | ||
| Gender | 0.39 | 0.28 | 0.12 | 0.16 | ||
| Pulse | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.06 | ||
| 7.B (Physical limitations) | Constant | −3.80 | 2.13 | 0.08 | 0.06 | |
| Age | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.18* | 0.03 | ||
| Gender | 0.10 | 0.17 | 0.05 | 0.54 | ||
| Pulse | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.08 | ||
| 7.C (Immobility) | Constant | −2.56 | 2.33 | 0.27 | 0.61 | |
| Age | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.40 | ||
| Gender | 0.32 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.08 | ||
| Pulse | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.55 | ||
| Physical limitations | 1.28 | 0.09 | 0.75* | 0.00 | ||
| 8.A (ADL ability) | Constant | 3.75 | 1.89 | 0.05 | 0.23 | |
| Age | −0.03 | 0.02 | −0.11 | 0.16 | ||
| Gender | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.90 | ||
| Married | −0.12 | 0.18 | −0.06 | 0.49 | ||
| Grip Strength | 1.88 | 0.35 | 0.47* | 0.00 | ||
| 8.B (Physical limitations) | Constant | 1.49 | 2.09 | 0.47 | 0.23 | |
| Age | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.35 | ||
| Gender | −0.17 | 0.19 | −0.09 | 0.36 | ||
| Married | 0.01 | 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.95 | ||
| Grip strength | −2.20 | 0.39 | −0.50* | 0.00 | ||
| 8.C (ADL ability) | Constant | 4.61 | 1.47 | 0.00 | 0.54 | |
| Age | −0.02 | 0.02 | −0.06 | 0.30 | ||
| Gender | −0.08 | 0.13 | −0.04 | 0.56 | ||
| Married | −0.11 | 0.14 | −0.06 | 0.41 | ||
| Grip strength | 0.62 | 0.30 | 0.15* | 0.04 | ||
| Physical limitations | −0.58 | 0.06 | −0.64* | 0.00 | ||
| 9.A (Immobility) | Constant | 0.46 | 3.68 | 0.90 | 0.16 | |
| Age | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.35 | ||
| Gender | 0.20 | 0.33 | 0.06 | 0.56 | ||
| Married | 0.18 | 0.34 | 0.05 | 0.61 | ||
| Grip strength | −2.70 | 0.68 | −0.37* | 0.00 | ||
| 9.B (Physical limitations) | Constant | 1.49 | 2.09 | 0.48 | 0.23 | |
| Age | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.35 | ||
| Gender | −0.17 | 0.19 | −0.09 | 0.36 | ||
| Married | 0.01 | 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.95 | ||
| Grip strength | −2.20 | 0.39 | −0.50* | 0.00 | ||
| 9.C (Immobility) | Constant | −1.75 | 2.54 | 0.49 | 0.61 | |
| Age | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.63 | ||
| Gender | 0.45 | 0.23 | 0.14* | 0.05 | ||
| Married | 0.15 | 0.24 | 0.04 | 0.53 | ||
| Grip strength | 0.03 | 0.52 | 0.00 | 0.95 | ||
| Physical limitations | 1.31 | 0.11 | 0.76* | 0.00 |
Note: B is the unstandardized regression coefficient, Std. error is the standard error for this coefficient, and Beta is the standardized regression coefficient; * P value was <0.05; −0.00 represents a negative value that appears in the table as negative zero because only 2 decimal places were used. Models denoted by letter A indicate that this model tests the direct effect between the independent variable and the outcome variable; models denoted by letter B indicate that this model tests the direct effect between the independent variable and the mediator variable; models denoted by letter C indicate that this model tests the mediating effect between the independent variable and the outcome variable