a, Initial extinction of drug-seeking behavior (no DS+, no cocaine) caused a decrease in the number of responses to the active and inactive nose port in both STs (n = 19) and GTs (n = 17). b, Three weeks after surgery (ST sham, n = 9; ST SAP, n = 10; GT sham, n = 9; GT SAP, n = 8), re-extinction again decreased the number of active responses in all groups (for LMM analyses, see Results).