Table 1. Dose dependent effects of Cd on tumor angiogenesis.

Cd conc.	Mechanism of action	Effect on angiogenesis	Ref
<0.5 μM	eNOS inhibition	Inhibitory	39, 40
4 μM	NF-κB activation	Stimulatory	67
5 μM	Akt and ERK activation	Stimulatory	9
5 & 10 μM	Activation of ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPK	Stimulatory	38
>10 μM	p38 MAPK activation	Inhibitory	43
50 μM	Blockage of VEGF signaling and increased Ang-2 expression	Inhibitory	41, 42