Table 2.

Hazard ratios of metabolic syndrome by weekly frequency and minutes of resistance exercise.

	N (%)	No. of cases	Adjusted Hazard Ratio
			Model 1a	Model 2b	Model 3c
Weekly minutes of resistance exercise (min/week)
0	4633 (62%)	816	1.00 [Reference]	1.00 [Reference]	1.00 [Reference]
1–59	670 (9%)	80	0.62 (0.49–0.78)	0.69 (0.55–0.86)	0.71 (0.56–0.89)
60–119	1061 (14%)	141	0.83 (0.69–0.99)	0.93 (0.77–1.11)	0.96 (0.80–1.16)
120–179	502 (7%)	51	0.66 (0.50–0.88)	0.78 (0.59–1.04)	0.81 (0.61–1.07)
≥180	552 (7%)	59	0.65 (0.50–0.85)	0.76 (0.58–0.99)	0.78 (0.60–1.02)
P-trend			<.001	.006	.03
Any resistance exercise
No (0 min/week)	4633 (62%)	816	1.00 [Reference]	1.00 [Reference]	1.00 [Reference]
Yes (≥1 min/week)	2785 (38%)	331	0.71 (0.62–0.80)	0.80 (0.71–0.91)	0.83 (0.72–0.95)
Weekly frequency of resistance exercise (frequency/week)
0	4633 (62%)	816	1.00 [Reference]	1.00 [Reference]	1.00 [Reference]
1	206 (3%)	22	0.80 (0.53–1.23)	0.81 (0.53–1.24)	0.83 (0.54–1.27)
2	766 (10%)	83	0.72 (0.58–0.91)	0.81 (0.65–1.02)	0.84 (0.67–1.06)
3	1221 (16%)	163	0.77 (0.65–0.91)	0.86 (0.72–1.01)	0.88 (0.74–1.05)
4	339 (5%)	32	0.48 (0.34–0.68)	0.60 (0.42–0.86)	0.62 (0.44–0.89)
≥ 5	253 (3%)	31	0.66 (0.46–0.95)	0.79 (0.55–1.13)	0.81 (0.56–1.16)
P-trend			<.001	.001	.005
Recommended resistance exercise
No (<2 days/week)	4839 (65%)	838	1.00 [Reference]	1.00 [Reference]	1.00 [Reference]
Yes (≥2 days/week)	2579 (35%)	309	0.71 (0.62–0.80)	0.81 (0.71–0.92)	0.83 (0.73–0.96)

^aAdjusted for age, gender and examination year.

^bAdjusted for model 1 plus body mass index, current smoking, heavy alcohol drinking, abnormal electrocardiography, parental history of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and diabetes.

^cAdjusted for model 2 plus aerobic exercise (inactive, insufficient, medium and high).