Table 1.
Baseline characteristics stratified by race/ethnicity and serum potassium in 102,241 incident hemodialysis patients
| Characteristics | Overall | Race |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White |
African-American |
Hispanic |
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| overall | Serum potassium (m Eq/L) | overall | Serum potassium (m Eq/L) | overall | Serum potassium (mEq/L) | ||||||||
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| <3.6 | >3.6 to <5.0 |
>5.0 | <3.6 | >3.6 to <5.0 |
>5.0 | <3.6 | >3.6 to <5.0 |
>5.0 | |||||
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| Patient number | 102,241 | 51297 | 1957 | 42908 | 6432 | 34574 | 2323 | 29358 | 2893 | 16370 | 431 | 12465 | 3474 |
| Age (yr) | 62.8±15.1 | 66.7±14.2 | 67.4±13.5 | 67.3±13.9 | 62.8±15.3 | 58.7±14.8 | 61.4±14.9 | 58.8±14.7 | 55.2±14.8 | 58.9±15.1 | 62.8±14.1 | 60.0±14.9 | 54.7±15.1 |
| Female (%) | 44 | 41 | 51 | 41 | 37 | 48 | 60 | 47 | 39 | 42 | 52 | 44 | 33 |
| DM (%) | 58 | 55 | 50 | 55 | 57 | 58 | 58 | 58 | 56 | 68 | 67 | 68 | 68 |
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| Primary insurance (%) | |||||||||||||
| Medicare | 54 | 59 | 62 | 59 | 57 | 51 | 54 | 51 | 46 | 46 | 53 | 46 | 43 |
| Medicaid | 7 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 11 | 14 | 10 | 13 | 18 |
| Others | 39 | 37 | 35 | 37 | 37 | 42 | 38 | 42 | 43 | 40 | 37 | 41 | 39 |
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| Access type (%) | |||||||||||||
| CVC | 75 | 74 | 75 | 74 | 76 | 75 | 77 | 74 | 76 | 79 | 83 | 78 | 81 |
| AVF | 15 | 17 | 13 | 18 | 14 | 13 | 10 | 13 | 11 | 13 | 8 | 14 | 11 |
| AVG | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 |
| Others | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | 0 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | 0 | <1 | <1 |
| Unknown | 6 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 9 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 6 |
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| nPCR (g/kg/day) | 0.79±0.21 | 0.79±0.22 | 0.66±0.20 | 0.79±0.21 | 0.88±0.23 | 0.75±0.20 | 0.64±0.18 | 0.75±0.19 | 0.85±0.22 | 0.84±0.23 | 0.68±0.21 | 0.81±0.21 | 0.94±0.23 |
| spKt/V | 1.46±0.32 | 1.49±0.33 | 1.53±0.39 | 1.49±0.33 | 1.44±0.32 | 1.42±0.31 | 1.47±0.34 | 1.42±0.31 | 1.36±0.30 | 1.48±0.31 | 1.50±0.35 | 1.48±0.31 | 1.46±0.30 |
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| Comorbidities (%) | |||||||||||||
| Hypertension | 52 | 48 | 51 | 48 | 46 | 61 | 61 | 60 | 62 | 45 | 46 | 44 | 46 |
| Cystic kidney disease | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| CHF | 37 | 37 | 33 | 37 | 40 | 36 | 35 | 36 | 40 | 38 | 37 | 37 | 39 |
| ASHD | 15 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 15 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 14 | 13 | 12 |
| Other cardiac disease | 15 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 17 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 10 |
| CVD | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| COPD | 5 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 2 |
| Liver disease | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
| Dyslipidemia | 25 | 27 | 26 | 27 | 26 | 24 | 21 | 24 | 24 | 23 | 24 | 23 | 22 |
| Autoimmune disease | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| Malignancy | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| HIV Ab (+) status | 1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | <1 | 1 | <1 | <1 |
| Substance abuse | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | 1 | <1 | 1 | 1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 |
| Alcohol abuse | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | 0 | <1 | <1 |
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| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.3±7.4 | 28.3±7.4 | 28.1±7.6 | 28.4±7.3 | 27.7±7.4 | 28.6±7.8 | 27.5±7.4 | 28.8±7.8 | 27.7±7.8 | 27.4±6.4 | 27.5±6.2 | 27.8±6.6 | 26.2±5.5 |
| Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.41±0.52 | 4.43±0.50 | 3.44±0.15 | 4.35±0.35 | 5.31±0.28 | 4.31±0.50 | 3.43±0.16 | 4.28±0.35 | 5.31±0.28 | 4.58±0.55 | 3.46±0.15 | 4.40±0.35 | 5.38±0.30 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.5±0.5 | 3.5±0.5 | 3.3±0.5 | 3.5±0.5 | 3.6±0.5 | 3.5±0.5 | 3.2±0.6 | 3.5±0.5 | 3.6±0.5 | 3.5±0.5 | 3.2±0.6 | 3.5±0.5 | 3.6±0.5 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 5.9±2.4 | 5.2±2.0 | 4.3±1.5 | 5.1±1.8 | 6.4±2.3 | 6.7±2.6 | 5.3±2.0 | 6.6±2.5 | 8.3±3.1 | 6.1±2.5 | 4.4±1.7 | 5.8±2.2 | 7.7±2.7 |
| Bicarbonate (mEq/L) | 24±3 | 24±3 | 25±3 | 24±3 | 23±3 | 24±3 | 25±3 | 24±3 | 23±3 | 23±3 | 24±3 | 23±3 | 22±3 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.1±1.2 | 11.2±1.2 | 11.0±1.3 | 11.2±1.1 | 11.2±1.2 | 10.9±1.2 | 10.7±1.3 | 10.9±1.2 | 11.0±1.3 | 11.3±1.2 | 11.0±1.2 | 11.2±1.2 | 11.3±1.1 |
| WBC (mm3) | 7.8±2.7 | 8.1±2.9 | 8.1±3.2 | 8.0±2.8 | 8.4±3.3 | 7.4±2.5 | 7.5±2.8 | 7.4±2.5 | 7.6±2.8 | 7.8±2.3 | 7.9±2.6 | 7.9±2.3 | 7.8±2.3 |
| Lymphocyte (% of WBC) | 20.7±7.6 | 19.0±7.4 | 18.8±7.7 | 19.0±7.3 | 18.9±7.7 | 22.9±7.7 | 22.3±8.3 | 23.0±7.7 | 22.8±7.6 | 21.2±6.7 | 20.5±7.7 | 21.2±6.7 | 21.7±6.7 |
| Platelet (X109/L) | 251±88 | 243±90 | 228±91 | 241±88 | 262±99 | 262±88 | 250±92 | 262±87 | 271±92 | 254±84 | 222±95 | 252±83 | 268±86 |
| iPTH (pg/mL) | 314(196, 489) | 263(164, 402) | 225(138, 349) | 261(164, 395) | 295(176, 463) | 404(259, 614) | 335(205, 521) | 404(261, 610) | 472(297, 727) | 329(217, 489) | 254(157, 383) | 317(208, 467) | 385(265, 569) |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.1±0.6 | 9.1±0.6 | 9.2±0.6 | 9.1±0.5 | 9.1±0.6 | 9.1±0.6 | 9.2±0.6 | 9.1±0.6 | 9.1±0.6 | 9.0±0.5 | 9.1±0.6 | 9.0±0.5 | 8.9±0.6 |
| Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 4.9±1.2 | 4.9±1.2 | 4.2±36.3 | 4.8±1.1 | 5.6±1.3 | 4.8±1.1 | 4.2±1.0 | 4.9±1.1 | 5.6±1.3 | 5.1±1.2 | 4.2±1.0 | 4.9±1.1 | 5.8±1.3 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 280(163, 481) | 277(163, 474) | 321(179, 564) | 276(163, 472) | 270(155,4 59) | 297(170, 513) | 367(196, 666) | 293(169, 502) | 291(161, 504) | 259(150, 439) | 309(189, 582) | 262(151, 442) | 243(142, 414) |
| TIBC (mg/dL) | 225±49 | 227±51 | 208±58 | 228±51 | 230±49 | 220±47 | 198±54 | 221±50 | 226±45 | 227±47 | 200±56 | 226±47 | 231±42 |
| ISAT (%) | 23±9 | 23±9 | 25±12 | 23±9 | 22±9 | 23±9 | 25±11 | 23±9 | 23±10 | 23±9 | 27±12 | 23±9 | 23±9 |
| BUN (mg/dl) | 48±14 | 48±14 | 37±14 | 47±14 | 56±15 | 46±14 | 37±13 | 46±13 | 56±15 | 53±15 | 40±15 | 50±14 | 62±15 |
| 212(195, | 211(190, | 211(189, | 211(190, | 210(189, | 214(202, | 214(201, | 215(202, | 214(200, | 210(191, | 210(190, | 210(191, | 220(190, | |
| Pre-HD SBP | 231) | 229) | 230) | 230) | 227) | 235) | 234) | 235) | 233) | 225) | 228) | 226) | 220) |
| (mmHg) Pre-HDDBP | 147±19 | 143±19 | 139±20 | 143±19 | 146±19 | 151±19 | 147±21 | 151±19 | 152±19 | 150±18 | 142±20 | 149±18 | 152±18 |
| (mmHg) | 77±12 | 74±11 | 72±11 | 73±11 | 77±12 | 82±12 | 79±13 | 82±12 | 84±12 | 78±11 | 75±10 | 78±11 | 81±11 |
| Post-HD Weight | 80.7±22.4 | 81.5±22.4 | 79.6±22.9 | 81.8±22.4 | 80.2±22.0 | 82.8±23 | 77.7±21.3 | 83.4±23.4 | 81.3±22.9 | 73.9±18.7 | 72.8±18.5 | 74.7±19.3 | 71.1±16.4 |
| Ultrafiltration (kg) | 2.0±0.9 | 2.0±0.9 | 1.8±0.9 | 2.0±0.9 | 2.2±1.0 | 2.1±0.9 | 1.8±0.8 | 2.1±0.8 | 2.4±0.9 | 2.0±0.8 | 1.7±0.8 | 2.0±0.8 | 2.2±0.8 |
| Urine volume (ml) | 775(440, 1300) | 800(450, 1300) | 700(375. 1300) | 750(400, 1250) | 850(450, 1500) | 700(400, 1200) | 550(300, 1020) | 600(350, 1100) | 763(450, 1250) | 831(500, 1300) | 650(350, 1200) | 750(450, 1200) | 800(500, 1250) |
| ESA dose (unit/week) | 4687(1486, 11943) | 4676(1486, 12000) | 4999(1366, 12500) | 4665(1467, 11978) | 4731(1572, 12042) | 4714(1467, 11943) | 5000(1524, 12682) | 4681(1467, 11880) | 4654(1500, 11916) | 4668(1500, 11786) | 5566(2096, 13400) | 4659(1518, 11676) | 4576(1354, 11984) |
Note: continuous values are expressed as mean ± SD if normally distributed or median (interquartile range) if skewed.
Abbreviations: DM, Diabetes Mellitus; CVC, central venous catheter; AVF, arteriovenous fistula; AVG, arteriovenous graft; nPCR, normalized protein catabolic rate; spKt/V, single pool Kt/V; CHF, Congestive heart failure; ASHD, atherosclerotic heart disease; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HIV Ab, human immunodeficiency virus antibody; BMI, body mass index; WBC, white blood cell; iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone; TIBC, total iron binding capacity; ISAT, iron saturation; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; HD, hemodialysis; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; ESA, erythopoiesis-stimulating agent.