Table 2.
Association of clinical characteristics with hyperkalemia (serum potassium >5.0 vs >3.6 to ≤5.0 mEq/l) among whites, African-Americans, and Hispanics in case-mix + MICS adjusted logistic regression models.
| Factors | Race |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Whites, OR(95% CI) | African-Americans, OR(95% CI) | Hispanics, OR(95% CI) | ||||
|
Socio-demographic factors |
||||||
| Age,Δ 10-y | 0.96 | (0.94 – 0.99) | 0.96 | (0.92 – 0.99) | 0.96 | (0.92 – 0.99) |
| Female, vs Male | 1.15 | (1.08 – 1.23) | 1.14 | (1.03 – 1.26) | 0.94 | (0.85 – 1.04) |
| Comorbidity factors | ||||||
| DM | 1.13 | (1.07 – 1.21) | 1.09 | (1.00 – 1.19) | 1.24 | (1.12 – 1.37) |
| Hypertension | 0.91 | (0.86 – 0.96) | 1.01 | (0.93 – 1.10) | 0.97 | (0.89 – 1.05) |
| Congestive heart failure | 1.06 | (1.00 – 1.12) | 1.10 | (1.01 – 1.20) | 1.05 | (0.96 – 1.15) |
| BMI,Δ 1 kg/m2 | 0.97 | (0.96 – 0.97) | 0.96 | (0.96 – 0.97) | 0.95 | (0.94 – 0.95) |
| Socio-economic factors | ||||||
| Medicaid, vs Medicare | 1.07 | (0.93 – 1.22) | 1.31 | (1.13 – 1.51) | 1.09 | (0.96 – 1.23) |
| Other, vs Medicare | 0.86 | (0.81 – 0.92) | 1.01 | (0.93 – 1.10) | 0.86 | (0.79 – 0.95) |
| Dialysis related factors | ||||||
| Access type: AVF, vs CVC | 0.67 | (0.61 – 0.72) | 0.67 | (0.59 – 0.77) | 0.66 | (0.57 – 0.75) |
| Access type: AVG, vs CVC | 0.73 | (0.62 – 0.87) | 0.71 | (0.58 – 0.86) | 0.71 | (0.53 – 0.94) |
| Access type: Others, vs CVC | 0.46 | (0.11 – 1.97) | 0.34 | (0.08 – 1.54) | 0.81 | (0.23 – 2.79) |
| Access type: Unknown, vs CVC | 1.14 | (1.02 – 1.27) | 1.30 | (1.12 – 1.51) | 1.01 | (0.84 – 1.22) |
| spKt/V,Δ 0.1 unit | 0.97 | (0.96 – 0.98) | 0.97 | (0.95 – 0.99) | 0.97 | (0.95 – 0.99) |
| HD time,Δ 10 min/session | 0.99 | (0.98 – 1.00) | 0.97 | (0.96 – 0.99) | 0.97 | (0.96 – 0.99) |
| Ultrafiltration,Δ 1 kg | 1.26 | (1.21 – 1.30) | 1.32 | (1.25 – 1.39) | 1.39 | (1.31 – 1.48) |
| pre-HD SBP,Δ 10 mmHg | 0.98 | (0.96 – 1.00) | 0.99 | (0.95 – 1.02) | 0.99 | (0.95 – 1.02) |
| Nutritional factors | ||||||
| Albumin,Δ 0.1 g/dl | 1.02 | (1.01 – 1.03) | 1.02 | (1.01 – 1.03) | 1.02 | (1.01 – 1.03) |
| Phosphorus,Δ 0.1 mg/dl | 1.03 | (1.03 – 1.04) | 1.02 | (1.02 – 1.03) | 1.02 | (1.02 – 1.03) |
| BUN,Δ 1 mg/dl | 1.03 | (1.03 – 1.03) | 1.04 | (1.04 – 1.05) | 1.04 | (1.03 – 1.04) |
| nPCR,Δ 0.1 g/kg/day | 1.00 | (0.98 – 1.02) | 0.96 | (0.93 – 1.00) | 0.96 | (0.93 – 1.00) |
Case-mix + MICS models adjusted for age, sex, diabetes mellitus, primary insurance, vascular access type, spKt/V, HD treatment time, UF, and cardiovascular risk factors including pre-HD systolic BP, pre-HD diastolic BP, BMI, comorbidities, 13 surrogates of nutritional and/or inflammatory status (albumin, hemoglobin, peripheral WBC, lymphocyte percentage, ferritin, TIBC, calcium, phosphorus, bicarbonate, BUN, iPTH, nPCR, and ESA dose).
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; AVF, arteriovenous fistula; CVC, central venous catheter; AVG, arteriovenous graft; spKt/V, single pool Kt/V; HD, hemodialysis; SBP, systolic blood pressure; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; nPCR, normalized protein catabolic rate.