Table 1. Preoperative assessment variables of 72 superficial nonampullary duodenal epithelial tumors.

Variable	VCL3	VCL4 or higher	P value
Sex
Male	9	49	0.7
Female	1	13
Age, median (range)	67 (34 – 81)	61 (27 – 84)	0.21
Location (portion of the duodenum)
1st	3	7	0.11
2nd	7	49
3rd	0	6
Lesion diameter, median (range), mm	10 (6 – 25)	15 (4 – 50)	0.013
Color
White	7	11	0.0003
Isochromatic	3	10
Red	0	41
Macroscopic type
Is, Ip, IIa	9	27	0.006
Mixed or IIc	1	35
Depression
No	9	30	0.014
Yes	1	32
Nodularity
Uniform	7	12	0.0007
Heterogeneous or none	3	50

VCL3, Vienna classification category 3; VCL4, Vienna classification category 4.