Table 2.
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) Severity Effects on Craving, Stimulation, and Tension just before drinking (Begin-drink Reports) and while drinking (End-drink reports), relative to Non-drinking times
| Parameters | Craving
|
Stimulation
|
Tension
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed Effect Estimates
| |||||||
| b | 95% CI | b | 95% CI | b | 95% CI | ||
| Intercept (Non-drinking)a | 2.51 *** | (1.93, 3.08) | 4.27 *** | (3.86, 4.69) | 3.01 *** | (2.37, 3.65) | |
| Begin-drink | 3.25 *** | (2.79, 3.71) | 0.84 *** | (0.43, 1.25) | 0.09 | (− 0.31, 0.49) | |
| End-drink/s | 1.70 *** | (1.36, 2.04) | 0.69 *** | (0.39, 0.99) | − 0.71 *** | (− 1.01, − 0.41) | |
| AUD severity effects | |||||||
| AUDb | 0.14 | (− 0.05, 0.33) | 0.02 | (− 0.11, 0.16) | 0.08 | (− 0.14, 0.30) | |
| AUD × Begin-drink | − 0.04 | (− 0.24, 0.17) | 0.14 | (− 0.05, 0.32) | − 0.10 | (− 0.28, 0.08) | |
| AUD × End-drink/s | − 0.19 ** | (− 0.31, −0.07) | 0.17 ** | (0.06, 0.28) | − 0.11 † | (− 0.22, 0.0008) | |
| Estimated BAC | − 0.14 | (− 3.68, 3.40) | 0.98 | (− 2.17, 4.14) | 2.87 † | (− 0.23, 5.97) | |
| Time of day | |||||||
| Midnight to 6am | − 0.45 * | (− 0.86, −0.03) | − 0.93 *** | (− 1.30, −0.56) | 0.00 | (− 0.36, 0.36) | |
| 6am to noon | − 1.41 *** | (− 1.67, −1.15) | − 0.17 | (− 0.40, 0.06) | − 0.27 * | (− 0.49, −0.04) | |
| Noon to 6pm | − 0.84 *** | (− 1.06, −0.62) | 0.27 ** | (0.07, 0.47) | − 0.14 | (− 0.34, 0.05) | |
| 6pm to midnight (reference) | |||||||
| Location | |||||||
| Public place | 0.41 * | (0.07, 0.74) | 0.72 *** | (0.42, 1.01) | − 0.01 | (− 0.30, 0.29) | |
| Friend’s home | 0.19 | (− 0.24, 0.62) | 0.67 *** | (0.29, 1.04) | − 0.37 † | (− 0.75, 0.00) | |
| Elsewhere | 0.12 | (− 0.48, 0.71) | 0.28 | (− 0.25, 0.81) | − 0.35 | (− 0.87, 0.17) | |
| Party/Club | 1.05 * | (0.22, 1.88) | 1.92 *** | (1.19, 2.65) | − 0.54 | (− 1.27, 0.19) | |
| School | 0.09 | (− 0.47, 0.64) | 0.60 * | (0.11, 1.09) | 0.00 | (− 0.48, 0.49) | |
| Car | 0.19 | (− 0.25, 0.62) | 0.70 *** | 0.32, 1.09 | 0.17 | (− 0.20, 0.56) | |
| Dorm | 0.22 | (− 0.32, 0.76) | 0.17 | (− 0.29, 0.64) | 0.15 | (− 0.33, 0.63) | |
| Work | 0.24 | (− 0.21, 0.68) | − 0.03 | (− 0.43, 0.36) | 0.98 *** | (0.59, 1.37) | |
| Home (reference) | |||||||
| Weekend | 0.54 *** | (0.31, 0.77) | 0.09 | (− 0.11, 0.29) | − 0.03 | (− 0.23, 0.18) | |
| Peers present | 0.42 *** | (0.18, 0.66) | 0.47 *** | (0.26, 0.68) | − 0.18 | (− 0.39, 0.03) | |
| Age | − 0.07 | (− 0.27, 0.12) | 0.07 | (− 0.07, 0.20) | 0.12 | (− 0.11, 0.34) | |
| Gender | − 0.57 | (− 1.36, 0.22) | − 0.30 | (− 0.85, 0.24) | 0.41 | (− 0.49, 1.31) | |
| Percent Drinking Days | 0.02 | (− 0.005, 0.04) | 0.002 | (− 0.01, 0.02) | 0.003 | (− 0.02, 0.03) | |
| Drinks per Drinking Day | − 0.004 | (− 0.14, 0.13) | − 0.08 | (− 0.17, 0.02) | 0.09 | (− 0.07, 0.25) | |
| Random Effect Estimates
|
|||||||
| σ2 | 95% CI | σ2 | 95% CI | σ2 | 95% CI | ||
| Person Intercept Variance | 2.30 *** | (1.47, 3.13) | 1.02 *** | (0.62, 1.43) | 3.20 *** | (2.10, 4.30) | |
| Day Intercept Variance | 1.05 *** | (0.77, 1.33) | 0.66 *** | (0.45, 0.87) | 0.87 *** | (0.66, 1.09) | |
| Moment Residual Variance | 3.46 *** | (3.02, 3.71) | 2.82 *** | (2.61, 3.03) | 2.61 *** | (2.42, 2.81) | |
Note. b = unstandardized parameter estimate; CI = confidence interval; σ2 = random variance estimate; BAC = blood alcohol content; AUD = Alcohol Use Disorder. Begin-drink reports occurring after initiation of drinking were excluded, and including these reports did not alter the pattern of results. Person and contextual covariates are included to account for variability in subjective states attributable to sources other than AUD severity. Inclusion of interactive effects with report type did not alter the pattern of significant focal results for AUD symptoms.
Due to the coding scheme for the categorical report-type variable, the intercept (when all predictors in the model = 0) is the level of subjective states at non-drinking random prompts for Craving, Stimulation, and Tension outcomes. Thus, begin-drink and end-drink effects are relative to non-drinking random prompts.
This is the effect of AUD symptoms on the intercept, and thus the effect of AUD symptoms on subjective states at non-drinking random prompts for Craving, Stimulation, and Tension outcomes.
Time of day is a categorical variable with four categories and Location is a categorical variable with nine categories. To conserve space, type III tests of fixed effects are shown for these two variables, and individual effects of each category are not tabled.
p < .10,
p < .05;
p < .01;
p < .001