Table 1. General characteristics of the study populations at the baseline (2011).

Variables	Subjects		Depressive symptom
	No.	%	Mean ± SD	P value
Retirement preparation				< 0.001
Yes	120	32.9	7.20 ± 5.94
No	245	67.1	11.54 ± 8.66
Age, yr				0.008
50–59	219	60.0	10.88 ± 8.40
60–69	142	38.9	9.13 ± 7.62
≥ 70	4	1.1	3.50 ± 1.73
Gender				0.016
Male	79	21.6	11.43 ± 9.82
Female	286	78.4	9.75 ± 7.57
Education level				0.083
Uneducated	113	31.0	11.27 ± 8.13
Middle school or less	225	61.6	10.00 ± 8.25
High school or more	27	7.4	6.30 ± 5.68
Household income				0.824
Low (Q1)	81	22.2	10.80 ± 8.62
Middle-low (Q2)	93	25.5	11.16 ± 8.44
Middle-high (Q3)	90	24.7	10.11 ± 7.82
High (Q4)	101	27.7	8.61 ± 7.58
Marital status				0.001
Married	319	87.4	9.63 ± 7.89
Single	45	12.6	13.50 ± 8.99
Perceived health status				0.478
Healthy	130	35.6	8.27 ± 6.60
Neutral	121	33.2	10.32 ± 8.58
Unhealthy	114	31.2	12.00 ± 8.79
Limitation on daily activities				< 0.001
Yes	31	8.5	19.06 ± 11.41
No	334	91.5	9.28 ± 7.23
Chronic medical conditions				0.939
Present	162	44.4	11.09 ± 8.77
Absent	203	55.6	9.35 ± 7.51
Retirement satisfaction				0.589
Satisfied	122	33.6	10.21 ± 8.49
Neutral	205	56.5	9.76 ± 7.63
Unsatisfied	38	9.9	11.86 ± 9.51
Receipt of national pension				0.086
Yes	68	18.6	8.84 ± 8.45
No	297	81.4	10.41 ± 8.04
Support from offspring				0.349
Yes	106	29.0	10.92 ± 8.42
No	259	71.0	9.79 ± 7.99
No. of household members				0.329
1	26	7.1	14.23 ± 10.29
2	181	49.6	9.28 ± 7.23
≥ 3	158	43.3	10.40 ± 8.53
Total	365	100.0	10.12 ± 7.35

SD = standard deviation.