Table 2. Results of the GEE analyzing the effects of retirement preparation.

Variables	Depressive symptoms
	β	SE	P value
Retirement preparation
Yes	Reference	-	-
No	2.49	0.64	< 0.001
Age, yr
50–59	Reference	-	-
60–69	−1.29	0.67	0.054
≥ 70	−7.32	0.96	< 0.001
Gender
Male	Reference	-	-
Female	−3.68	0.92	< 0.001
Education level
Uneducated	Reference	-	-
Middle school or less	−0.28	0.79	0.717
High school or more	−0.32	1.33	0.811
Household income
Low (Q1)	Reference	-	-
Middle-low (Q2)	−0.21	0.95	0.825
Middle-high (Q3)	0.08	0.98	0.938
High (Q4)	−0.57	1.08	0.596
Marital status
Married	Reference	-	-
Single	3.51	1.28	0.006
Perceived health status
Healthy	Reference	-	-
Neutral	1.45	0.67	0.031
Unhealthy	2.83	0.9	0.002
Limitation on daily activities
No	Reference	-	-
Yes	7.58	1.76	< 0.001
No. of chronic medical conditions
Present	Reference	-	-
Absent	−0.23	0.63	0.711
Retirement satisfaction
Satisfied	Reference	-	-
Neutral	0.4	0.63	0.522
Unsatisfied	0.73	1.04	0.484
Receipt of national pension
Yes	Reference	-	-
No	2.18	0.96	0.023
Support from offspring
Yes	Reference	-	-
No	−0.13	0.63	0.843
Number of household members
1	Reference	-	-
2	0.28	1.68	0.867
≥ 3	0.38	1.71	0.822
Survey year
2011	Reference	-	-
2013	−1.61	0.55	0.003

Adjusting for age (year), gender, education level, household income, marital status, perceived health status, limit on daily activities, number of chronic medical conditions, retirement satisfaction, receipt of national pension, support from offspring, number of household members, survey year.

GEE = generalized estimating equation, SE = standard error.