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. 2017 Aug 7;7:7390. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-07713-8

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Population structure of the tested MRSA isolates (n = 34) based on BURP analysis. This analysis was performed using the Based Upon Repeat Pattern (BURP) algorithm of the Ridom StaphType software (Ridom GmbH, Würzburg, Germany) at a cost setting of ≤ 5 and excluding spa-types with 5 or fewer repeats. Each dot represents a different spa type, with the diameter of the dot being proportional to the quantity of the corresponding spa type. Clusters of linked spa types correspond to spa clonal complexes (spa-CCs). The predict founder of a cluster (which was used for defining the cluster) is shown in blue, while the others in black. Near the lines of connection, the mutations involved in the transition from a spa type to the next one are reported in detail. All DNA changes are meant to occur from the founder to the periphery. Legend: numbers along the lines refer to the repeat sequence involved in the mutation; +indicates the acquisition of a repeat sequence; - indicates the loss of a repeat sequence; within circles the numbers of the strains of each CC appear between brackets. In summary, the analysis identified a single clonal complex (spa-CC223) comprising spa types t223, t14339, t3689, and t8506; n = 20 isolates, and accounted for 58.8% of all tested MRSA isolates, as well as 3 singletons (t267, t084, and t1339; n = 12 isolates, 35.2%), while excluded 2 isolates (t380, 5.8%) from the clustering, as they consisted of four repeat units only.