Table 5.
Characteristics and detailed distribution of the spa-CCs and spa-types detected in this study.
| Cluster group and spa-CCs | Ridom spa typea | No. of MRSA isolates | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Based on specimen source | Based on dental ward | Based on presence of antibiotic resistance or virulence genes b | Based on biofilm forming ability c | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Personnel (n = 21) | Environmental surfaces (n = 13) | End-odon-tics (n = 2) | Oper-ative denti-stry (n = 6) | Periodontics (n = 6) | Prost-hetic dent-istry (n = 7) | Prostho-dontics (n = 2) | Dental surgery (n = 11) | PVL (n = 5) | vanA (n = 10) | tst (n = 17) | Non (n = 9) | Weak (n = 7) | Mode-rate (n = 10) | Strong (n = 8) | ||||||||||||
| Patients | Nurses | Dentists | Clinical-contact | Housekeeping | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hand (n = 6) | Nares (n = 3) | Hand (n = 4) | Nares (n = 2) | Hand (n = 3) | Nares (n = 3) | D light arm (n = 1) | D chair (n = 3) | D drill (n = 2) | P sink faucet (n = 3) | Door knobs (n = 3) | Floors (n = 1) | |||||||||||||||
| Cluster 1 spa-CC223 | t223 (n = 9) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | — | 1 | 1 | 2 | — | 1 | 1 | — | 1 | — | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| t14339 (n = 8) | 2 | — | 1 | 1 | — | — | — | 1 | — | 2 | 1 | — | — | 1 | 1 | 1 | — | 5 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | |
| t3689 (n = 2) | — | 1 | — | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2 | — | — | — | — | 1 | 1 | — | 1 | — | |
| t8506 (n = 1) | — | — | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 1 | — | 1 | 1 | — | — | — | |
| Singletons | t267 (n = 8) | 2 | 1 | 1 | — | 1 | — | — | — | 1 | — | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | — | 3 | — | 1 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
| t084 (n = 3) | 1 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | 1 | 1 | — | 1 | — | — | 2 | 1 | — | — | 2 | 1 | |
| t1339 (n = 1) | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | — | — | — | 1 | — | |
| Excluded | t380 (n = 2) | — | — | — | — | 1 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 1 | — | — | — | 1 | 2 | — | 1 | — | 1 | — |
spa-CC: denotes spa clonal complex as determined by the Based Upon Repeat Pattern (BURP) algorithm in the Ridom StaphType software with a distance cost of ≤ 5; excluded: denotes entries excluded from BURP clustering because the spa repeat pattern comprised fewer than five repeats; D light arm: Dental light arm; D chair: Dentist’s chair; D drill: Dentist’s drill; P sink faucet: Patient’s sink faucet; PVL: The gene encoding the Panton–Valentine leucocidin toxin; vanA: the gene encoding an enzyme that causes a structural change in the terminal amino acid of the pentapeptide chain of peptidoglycan, thus conferring vancomycin resistance; tst: the gene encoding the toxic shock syndrome toxin; spa: staphylococcal protein A; a minus sign (−) denotes the absence of an attribute.
aNomenclature according to Harmsen et al.91; the spa types shown are based on the Ridom StaphType software.
bAll the MRSA isolates investigated in the current study were mecA-positive and mecC-negative.
CThe isolates were classified as biofilm non-producers, weak, moderate, and strong biofilm producers based on previously published criteria34.