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. 2017 Aug 7;7:7393. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-07952-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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HIMF induces IL-18 expression and EPC tube formation. (A) HIMF induced a dose-dependent increase of IL-18 protein expression in myoblastic cell lines. (B) IL-18 mRNA levels were increased by HIMF in two cell lines. (C) Secreted IL-18 production from HIMF-treated myoblast conditioned medium was increased in a dose-dependent manner. (D) EPC tube formation was increased by conditioned medium from HIMF-treated myoblasts with dose-dependent manners but inhibited by anti-IL18 or anti-VEGF-A antibodies. (E) Quantification of tube formation. Results are expressed as the means ± SEM of four independent experiments. *p < 0.05 as compared with the control group. # p < 0.05 as compared with HIMF-treated group.