Table 3.
Randomized participants: adjusted mean (SE), and difference between mean (95% CI) outcome scores. All scores adjusted for child’s gender, number of children, maternal education, maternal employment prior to the birth of her baby, housing situation, and maternal age (years) at baseline.
| Outcome assessment | Clinic+Internet (n=240) |
Home-based (n=251) |
Difference (95% CI) |
Non-inferiority criteriona | ||||||||
| Maternal confidence | ||||||||||||
| Parenting Stress Index – Competenceb | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 22.64 (0.04) | 22.59 (0.04) | 0.05 (−0.07 to 0.17) | |||||||||
| 9 months | 20.82 (0.04) | 20.59 (0.04) | 0.23 (0.11 to 0.35) | Upper CI < 1.31 | ||||||||
| 15 months | 20.22 (0.04) | 20.21 (0.04) | 0.01 (−0.11 to 0.13) | Upper CI < 1.31 | ||||||||
| 21 months | 20.33 (0.04) | 19.86 (0.04) | 0.47 (0.35 to 0.59) | Upper CI < 1.31 | ||||||||
| Karitane Parenting Confidence Scale | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 40.13 (0.02) | 40.08 (0.02) | 0.05 (−0.01 to 0.11) | |||||||||
| 9 months | 41.79 (0.02) | 41.83 (0.02) | −0.04 (−0.10 to 0.02) | Lower CI > −1.05 | ||||||||
| 15 months | 41.83 (0.02) | 41.80 (0.02) | 0.02 (−0.04 to 0.08) | Lower CI > −1.05 | ||||||||
| 21 months | 42.07 (0.02) | 42.22 (0.02) | −0.15 (−0.21 to −0.09) | Lower CI > −1.05 | ||||||||
| Maternal social support | ||||||||||||
| Parenting Stress Index – Isolationb | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 11.24 (0.02) | 11.13 (0.02) | 0.11 (0.05 to 0.17) | |||||||||
| 9 months | 11.89 (0.02) | 11.49 (0.02) | 0.39 (0.33 to 0.45) | Upper CI < 0.85 | ||||||||
| 15 months | 11.77 (0.02) | 11.74 (0.02) | 0.03 (−0.04 to 0.09) | Upper CI < 0.85 | ||||||||
| 21 months | 11.79 (0.02) | 11.77 (0.02) | 0.01 (−0.05 to 0.08) | Upper CI < 0.85 | ||||||||
| Interpersonal Support Evaluation List – Short Form | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 40.50 (0.07) | 40.74 (0.07) | −0.25 (−0.44 to −0.06) | |||||||||
| 9 months | 38.96 (0.07) | 39.43 (0.07) | −0.47 (−0.66 to −0.28) | Lower CI > −1.38 | ||||||||
| 15 months | 38.84 (0.07) | 38.64 (0.07) | 0.20 (0.01 to 0.39) | Lower CI > −1.38 | ||||||||
| 21 months | 38.55 (0.07) | 39.28 (0.07) | −0.74 (−0.92 to −0.55) | Lower CI > −1.38 | ||||||||
| Maternal Support Scale | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 74.98 (0.08) | 75.85 (0.09) | −0.88 (−1.11 to −0.64) | |||||||||
| 9 months | 75.11 (0.08) | 76.04 (0.09) | −0.92 (−1.16 to −0.69) | Lower CI > −2.26 | ||||||||
| 15 months | 75.61 (0.08) | 75.56 (0.09) | 0.05 (−0.18 to 0.28) | Lower CI > −2.26 | ||||||||
| 21 months | 75.65 (0.08) | 76.30 (0.09) | −0.65 (−0.89 to −0.42) | Lower CI > −2.26 | ||||||||
| Child outcomes | ||||||||||||
| Ages and Stages Questionnaire – Social-Emotionalb | ||||||||||||
| 9 months | 22.09 (0.20) | 21.36 (0.22) | 0.73 (0.15 to 1.31) | Upper CI < 3.38 | ||||||||
| 15 months | 24.14 (0.20) | 23.74 (0.22) | 0.40 (−0.18 to 0.98) | Upper CI < 3.91 | ||||||||
| 21 months | 23.63 (0.20) | 22.36 (0.22) | 1.27 (0.69 to 1.85) | Upper CI < 3.98 | ||||||||
| MacArthur Communication Development Inventories | ||||||||||||
| 21 months | 29.69 (0.32) | 34.45 (0.33) | −4.76 (−5.67 to −3.85) | Lower CI > −5.30c | ||||||||
aNon-inferiority is found when the 95% CI of the difference between the means meets the non-inferiority criteria. Non-inferiority is not applicable to baseline scores.
bHigher scores indicate more problems.
cFailed to achieve non-inferiority.