Table 2.
Means and standard deviations of intergenerational family relations
| Intergenerational family relations | Country [means (SD)] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norway | England | Germany | Spain | Israel | |
| Solidarity S (proxi. + association) | 3.6 (1.4) | 3.8 (1.4) | 3.7 (1.4) | 4.5 (1.3) | 3.8 (1.2) |
| Solidarity A (affect + consensus) | 4.4 (0.9) | 4.5 (1.0) | 4.2 (0.9) | 4.2 (0.8) | 4.7 (0.9) |
| Help receiveda | 1.4 (1.3) | 1.9 (1.7) | 1.9 (1.6) | 2.1 (1.7) | 1.4 (1.4) |
| Help provideda | 1.0 (1.1) | 0.9 (1.2) | 0.9 (1.2) | 0.8 (1.2) | 0.8 (1.0) |
| Conflict | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.3 (0.6) | 1.6 (0.7) | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.7 (0.8) |
| Ambivalence | 1.7 (0.03) | 1.3 (0.04) | 1.6 (0.03) | 1.5 (0.04) | 1.5 (0.03) |
| Total N | 398 | 378 | 410 | 370 | 358 |
Source: Lowenstein (2007). Mean scores on a scale of 1–6, with 6 indicating high feelings of solidarity, conflict, or ambivalence
aReceiving or providing help from or to at least one child, in at least one of the following areas: shopping, transportation, household chores, house repair and gardening, and personal care