Table 5.

The 27 usability/accessibility factors concerning bare-ground conditions identified within the qualitative studies and the rotated component matrix from the factor analysis (the Bare-ground study)

Usability factor (U)		Source (qualitative studies)		Factor analysis					Name of usability category
		Perceived by older people (usability)	Governmental directives on accessibilitya	Usability category (Uc)
				Uc1	Uc2	Uc3	Uc4	Uc5
U1	Smooth surface conditions, no holes	•	•	0.761	0.053	0.138	0.174	0.160	Uc1: Physical barriers
U2	Drainage grooves can be easily crossed		•	0.727	0.152	0.104	0.124	0.218	Uc1: Physical barriers
U3	Low kerbs	•	•	0.794	0.260	0.228	0.085	0.159	Uc1: Physical barriers
U4	Pavements with no steep gradients		•	0.709	0.293	0.214	0.212	0.116	Uc1: Physical barriers
U5	Zebra crossings exit	•		0.630	0.226	0.194	0.247	0.091	Uc1: Physical barriers
U6	No kerbs at zebra crossings	•	•	0.734	0.328	0.279	0.085	0.073	Uc1: Physical barriers
U7	Resting surfaces exist in slopes		•	0.527	0.290	0.282	−0.010	0.364	Uc1: Physical barriers
U8	Shrubbery and tree branches are cut		•	0.551	0.214	0.098	0.361	0.292	Uc1: Physical barriers
U9	Removal of graffiti and litter	•		0.045	0.005	0.123	0.660	0.100	Uc4: Orderliness
U10	Lighting	•	•	0.257	0.103	0.026	0.479	0.409	Uc4: Orderliness
U11	Bus shelter at bus stops	•		0.196	0.112	0.741	0.226	0.314	Uc3: Bus stops and shops
U12	High kerb at bus stop		•	0.360	0.238	0.707	0.238	0.169	Uc3: Bus stops and shops
U13	Close to nearest bus stop	•		0.288	0.148	0.758	0.170	0.286	Uc3: Bus stops and shops
U14	No parked bicycles	•	•	0.284	0.189	0.103	0.644	−0.006	Uc4: Orderliness
U15	No cyclists in pedestrian areas	•		0.181	0.060	0.066	0.791	0.088	Uc4: Orderliness
U16	Clear separation of pedestrians/cyclists	•		0.056	0.214	0.125	0.735	0.124	Uc4: Orderliness
U17	Seating places (benches) exist	•		0.221	0.188	0.285	0.064	0.740	Uc5: Benches and stairs
U18	Seating places (benches) in good order	•		0.134	0.192	0.262	0.200	0.753	Uc5: Benches and stairs
U19	Handrails on stairs		•	0.340	0.301	0.301	0.124	0.541	Uc5: Benches and stairs
U20	Well-contrasted steps on stairs		•	0.267	0.417	0.088	0.222	0.509	Uc5: Benches and stairs
U21	Automatic door openers in shops	•	•	0.204	0.498	0.595	0.049	0.128	Uc3: Bus stops and shops
U22	Ramps at entrances in shops	•	•	0.262	0.541	0.579	0.011	0.118	Uc3: Bus stops and shops
U23	No blocking commercial signs/baskets		•	0.291	0.517	0.232	0.315	0.111	Uc2: Orientation and warning
U24	Continuous guidance routes		•	0.189	0.748	0.164	0.136	0.268	Uc2: Orientation and warning
U25	Clear warning markings		•	0.246	0.737	0.135	0.239	0.192	Uc2: Orientation and warning
U26	Clear contrast markings		•	0.242	0.752	0.144	0.145	0.231	Uc2: Orientation and warning
U27	Kerbs exist at zebra crossings		•	0.157	0.650	0.119	0.017	0.057	Uc2: Orientation and warning

^aThe “easily removed barriers” directives, BFS 2003:19 HIN1