Table 1.
Baseline sociodemographic, health and functional indicators, and health behavior characteristics
| Categories | Gender | Education | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male (n = 513) | Female (n = 503) | p value | Illiterate (n = 155) | Incomplete Primary (n = 653) | Complete Primary (n = 208) | p value | ||
| Age (median (IR)) | 73.8 (68.5–79.0) | 73.8 (68.9–78.7) | 0.782 | 75.8 (70.6–80.8) | 73.8 (68.8–78.6) | 72.5 (67.9–77.9) | ≤0.05 | |
| Gender (%) | Male | – | – | – | 29.0 | 50.7 | 65.9 | ≤0.001 |
| Female | – | – | – | 71.0 | 49.3 | 34.1 | ||
| Education (%) | Complete primary | 26.7 | 14.1 | ≤0.001 | – | – | – | – |
| Incomplete primary | 64.5 | 64.0 | – | – | – | – | ||
| Illiterate | 8.8 | 21.9 | – | – | – | – | ||
| Marital status (%) | Married | 84.6 | 44.9 | ≤0.001 | 49.0 | 66.6 | 71.6 | ≤0.001 |
| Othersa | 15.4 | 55.1 | 51.0 | 33.4 | 28.4 | |||
| Comorbidity (median (IR)) | 2.0 (1.0–3.0) | 3.0 (2.0–4.0) | ≤0.001 | 3 (2–4) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | ≤0.001 | |
| Depressive symptoms (CES-D) (%) | <16 | 86.4 | 60.8 | ≤0.001 | 60.6 | 74.1 | 82.2 | ≤0.001 |
| ≥16 | 13.6 | 39.2 | 39.4 | 25.9 | 17.8 | |||
| Cognitive function score (PCL) (%) | <23 (Dementia) | 19.5 | 25.2 | ≤0.050 | 44.5 | 19.8 | 13.9 | ≤0.001 |
| ≥23 (Normal) | 80.5 | 74.8 | 55.5 | 80.2 | 86.1 | |||
| ADL disability (%) | Able | 84.6 | 71.4 | ≤0.001 | 62.6 | 79.0 | 86.5 | ≤0.001 |
| Able with help | 12.3 | 23.7 | 24.5 | 17.8 | 13.5 | |||
| Disabled | 3.1 | 5.0 | 12.9 | 3.2 | 0.0 | |||
| Smoking (%) | No smoker | 18.5 | 96.6 | ≤0.001 | 73.5 | 56.4 | 47.6 | ≤0.001 |
| Ex-smoker | 59.3 | 1.8 | 17.4 | 31.7 | 38.0 | |||
| Smoker | 22.2 | 1.6 | 9.0 | 11.9 | 14.4 | |||
| Physical activity (%) | Vigorous | 3.5 | 2.2 | ≤0.001 | 1.9 | 3.4 | 1.9 | ≤0.001 |
| Moderate | 77.8 | 65.8 | 59.4 | 72.7 | 78.4 | |||
| Little | 18.7 | 32.0 | 38.7 | 23.9 | 19.7 | |||
ADL activities of daily living, IR interquartile range, CES-D Centre for Epidemiologic Study Depression Scale, PCL Prueba Cognitiva de Lenages
aWithout spouse