Table 4.
Relative hazards and confidence intervals (CIs) from proportional hazards models of mortality with various time-dependent covariates (TDCs): gender- and education-specific results
| Independent variable (reference category or range) | Category | Gender | Education | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male (n = 513) | Female (n = 503) | Illiterate (n = 155) | Some education (n = 861) | ||||||
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
| Baseline self-rated health (Good) | Fair |
1.59***
(1.23–2.04) |
1.49**
(1.13–1.98) |
1.63**
(1.15–2.30) |
1.28 (0.88–1.86) |
1.24 (0.69–2.23) |
0.93 (0.48–1.80) |
1.61***
(1.30–2.00) |
1.42**
(1.12–1.79) |
| Poor |
3.19***
(2.23–4.56) |
2.82***
(1.81–4.40) |
2.36***
(1.57–3.55) |
1.50 (0.93–2.42) |
2.18*
(1.12–4.27) |
1.33 (0.59–3.01) |
2.85***
(2.14–3.82) |
2.22***
(1.57–3.16) |
|
| Changes in self-rated health |
1.39***
(1.17–1.65) |
1.30**
(1.09–1.57) |
1.12 (0.91–1.40) |
1.01 (0.80–1.27) |
1.21 (0.87–1.69) |
1.12 (0.79–1.58) |
1.32***
(1.14–1.54) |
1.22*
(1.04–1.42) |
|
| Time intervala |
0.82***
(0.77–0.87) |
0.81***
(0.76–0.87) |
0.82***
(0.76–0.88) |
0.82***
(0.76–0.88) |
0.80***
(0.72–0.89) |
0.75***
(0.66–0.85) |
0.82***
(0.78–0.86) |
0.82***
(0.78–0.87) |
|
Notes: The level of statistical significance for self-rated health is from the overall p value for self-rated health. All model values are hazard ratios (95% confidence interval)
Model 1: Cox regression adjusted for age, gender or education, and marital status
Model 2: Cox regression adjusted for variables in Model 1 plus chronic conditions-TDC, ADL disability-TDC, cognitive function, depressive symptoms, smoking and physical activity
TDC time-dependent covariate, ADL activities of daily living
Bold values indicate the significant variables in the analysis
aDifference between the two dates, in years, with decimals
*p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001