Table 3.
Unadjusted (unadj.) and adjusted (adj.) excess grip strength of northern-continental European countries to southern European countries by gender
| Age group | Men | Women | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Excess (%) | Δ (%) | Difference (kg) [95% CI] | Δ (kg) | Excess (%) | Δ (%) | Difference (kg) [95% CI] | Δ (kg) | |||||
| Unadj. | Adj.a | Unadj. | Adj.a | Unadj. | Adj.a | Unadj. | Adj.a | |||||
| 50–54 | 10.8 | 6.6 | 39 | 5.03 [3.50; 6.56] | 2.88 [2.08;3.68] | 2.15 | 15.9 | 9.0 | 43 | 4.34 [3.34; 5.34] | 2.33 [1.88; 2.78] | 2.01 |
| 55–59 | 11.3 | 9.2 | 19 | 4.94 [3.45; 6.43] | 3.86 [3.11;4.61] | 1.08 | 11.6 | 7.2 | 38 | 3.08 [2.24; 3.92] | 1.85 [1.42; 2.27] | 1.23 |
| 60–64 | 11.8 | 8.6 | 27 | 4.86 [3.56; 6.16] | 3.52 [2.83; 4.20] | 1.34 | 15.2 | 8.9 | 41 | 3.76 [2.91; 4.62] | 2.23 [1.76; 2.71] | 1.53 |
| 65–69 | 18.4 | 11.3 | 39 | 6.95 [5.54; 8.36] | 4.46 [3.69; 5.22] | 2.49 | 16.1 | 9.3 | 42 | 3.79 [2.81; 4.76] | 2.27 [1.76; 2.78] | 1.52 |
| 70–74 | 17.5 | 11.0 | 37 | 6.03 [4.54; 7.52] | 4.22 [3.39; 5.05] | 1.81 | 22.9 | 12.1 | 47 | 4.78 [3.73; 5.83] | 2.80 [2.23; 3.37] | 1.98 |
| 75–79 | 13.2 | 8.6 | 35 | 4.27 [2.66; 5.87] | 3.25 [2.28; 4.23] | 1.02 | 23.2 | 8.2 | 65 | 4.32 [3.06; 5.58] | 1.87 [1.01; 2.73] | 2.45 |
| 80+ | 27.6 | 12.7 | 54 | 6.88 [4.92; 8.84] | 4.48 [3.15; 5.82] | 2.40 | 21.4 | 10.2 | 52 | 3.48 [2.20; 4.75] | 2.13 [1.32; 2.93] | 1.35 |
Relative (%) and absolute differences (kg), and relative (Δ %) and absolute (Δ kg) changes
aAdjusted for depression (dichotomized), number of visits to general practitioner (3 categories), education (3 categories), forgo doctor visits due to unavailability or costs, chronic diseases (dichotomized), ADL limitations (dichotomized), income, assets, weight, and height