Table 2.
Review on reporting three assumptions for interpreting a valid MMSE exam score (1998–2010)
| Study | Education screening | Sensory screening | Language screening | Other |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ryu and Kwon (2010) | Education and age matched | Neurologist evaluated all subjects | Administered Korean version K-MMSE | N = 234 people with Parkinson’s disease (age 71.1 ± 8.2) 166 women |
| Jervis et al. (2010) | Education (mean 10.5 years SD = 3.6) | Language proficiency assessed | N = 137 American Indian Elders Test administered by tribal member | |
| Dong et al. (2010) | Education screening | Aphasia | N = 100 post stroke patients | |
| Shigemori et al. (2010) | Neurological exam that included assessment of hearing and visual capacity | N = 30,895 consecutive outpatients with dementia in a Japanese dementia clinic | ||
| Morgado et al. (2010) | 0–2 years, 3–6 years More than 6 years of education |
Visual-constructive ability | Language fluency assessed | Sample 1N = 135 Sample 2N = 411 Compared 2 samples over time from same region |
| Wiig et al. (2010) | Neuropsychological screen | N = 60 (37 women), mean age 75.9, SD = 7.1 | ||
| Wouters et al. (2010) | Used previously reported MMSE scores (secondary data), N = 1,566 | |||
| Kovacevic et al. (2009) | At least 6 years of education | Visual and auditory systems assessed | Boston Naming Test used to assess language ability | Used ADNI data, N = 269 people with MCI |
| Guerrero-Berroa et al. (2009) | Assessed under 8th, 9th–12th or over 12 years | Prospective longitudinal study, N = 505 nursing home residents | ||
| Nazem et al. (2009) | Average education level 15.7 ± 3.6 years | Convenience sample N = 131. Trained RA’s administered the MMSE | ||
| Nelson et al. (2009) | Adjusted for total years of education | Used previously reported MMSE scores (secondary data), N = 5,813 | ||
| de Jager et al. (2009) | Controlled for years education | Prospective cohort study N = 119 | ||
| Brugnolo et al. (2009) | 3 to 18 years included | “Other neuropsychological tests performed” | Mulit-center cross sectional study (N = 524) | |
| Carcaillon et al. (2009) | Education level reviewed | Prospective population based three-city study (N = 1,516). MMSE administered by trained nurse or psychologist | ||
| Pang et al. (2009) | Educational level 8.4 years ± 2.1 | Used professional Interpreters | Pilot study (N = 48) | |
| Tiwari et al. (2009) | 20–no education 20–5th grade or above |
Senses all intact, speech, hearing, vision | Used translated version | N = 40 (20 illiterate and 20 literate) |
| Rajji et al. (2009) | Education level reported | Conducted “physical exams on all participants” | N = 447 depressed older adults recruited from 4 previous studies | |
| Mamikonyan et al. (2009) | Age and education adjusted | Excluded those with color blindness | Excluded those unable to understand neuropsychological tests | N = 106 people with Parkinson’s disease |
| Han et al. (2008) | Educational level less than ≤6, 7–12, ≥13 | Neuropsychological tests performed | Used translated version | Random sample (N = 997) |
| O’Bryant et al. (2008) | At least 16 years of education | Conducted “neuropsychological exams on all subjects” | N = 1141 consecutively enrolled subjects | |
| Pezzotti et al. (2008) | Age and education adjusted for those who scored less then 24 | Administered the Italian version of the MMSE |
N = 59 general practitioners N = 317 subjects screened with the MMSE |
|
| Evans et al. (2008) | Education assessed | Language Assessed and test administered in Spanish or English | Pilot study N = 22 age (60–95) Mexican American nursing home residents | |
| Yamashita et al. (2007) | Administered the Japanese version of MMSE | Quasi-experimental design, N = 14 (11 women), mean age 84.5 | ||
| Mystakidou et al. (2007) | Completed primary school | Communicate effectively (hear and speak) | Administered the Greek version of the MMSE | Questionnaires baseline and 3 days later (N = 130) |
| Onishi et al. (2007) | Excluded those with hearing and writing difficulties | Between groups analysis (n = 792)—control, teaching hospital, long-term care, outpatient clinic, nursing homes. | ||
| Squitti et al. (2006) | Neurological testing completed | (N = 53), 28 AD patients matched to controls | ||
| Pachana et al. (2006) | Educational level assessed (59 % completed high school) | Hearing aid use | Pilot study (N = 46) of veterans in New Zealand | |
| Chow et al. (2006) | Excluded if educational level not known | Excluded those with known visual impairment | Excluded individuals who did not speak English | Retrospective case–control (N = 89) |
| Noale et al. (2006) | Mental status total score (TS) were age and education adjusted | Vision (retinal photography) | Administered the Italian version of the MMSE | Used previously reported MMSE scores (secondary data) (N = 5,632) |
| Wood et al. (2006) | Age and education adjusted | Cross sectional N = 414 older Black and White women | ||
| Niwa et al. (2006) | Vision (retinopathy) | N = 92 | ||
| Cullen et al. (2005) | Education adjusted | Cross sectional N = 1,115 | ||
| Tombaugh (2005) | Average of 10.94 (SD = 3.90, range = 0–25) won 2010 years of education | Neuropsychological tests conducted | Administered in English | N = 756, 5-year follow up retest study |
| Huppert et al. (2005) | Age and education adjusted | Hearing and vision assessed | Language ability assessed | N = ~2,500 random sample |
| Koch et al. (2005) | N = 94 pairwise comparisons | |||
| Kliegel and Sliwinski (2004) | Education level assessed | Sensory system assessed | Study of 91 centurions | |
| Salmon (2004) | Prospective longitudinal study, N = 165 | |||
| Heinik et al. (2004) | Controlled for age and education | All subjects underwent “psychiatric and medical” testing | 114 community dwelling elders examined by geriatric psychiatrists. Patient evaluation described elsewhere | |
| Cazzaniga et al. (2003) | Age and education adjusted | N = 182 consecutive patients with probable AD. “MMSE administration methods cited in previous studies” | ||
| Schramm et al. (2002) | Clinical, neuropsychological, and apparative tests completed | N = 123 outpatient memory clinic. Age 44–90 (mean 69) | ||
| Nguyen et al. (2002) | Education level assessed | Hearing, vision assessed | Literacy and language skills assessed. MMSE administered in English or Spanish | Secondary data N = 1,759 |
| Espino et al. (2001) | Education 0–8 years and >9 | Sensory impairment visual and hearing | Exam language adjusted | 827 community dwelling older adults—group analysis |
| Dufouil et al. (2000) | Educational level included in analysis | Included individuals with sensory deficit | Longitudinal study of cognitive decline | |
| Maki et al. (2000) | Education level 7.3 (± 2.0) | Visual and auditory assessment completed | Verbal fluency assessed | N = 662 elderly subjects from the general population in Japan |
| Barbarotto et al. (2000) | Education 0–13 years (mean 5.5, SD = 3.6) | N = 27 | ||
| Manos (1999) | Neuropsychological tests performed | N = 84 consecutive outpatient visits | ||
| Zlotogorski et al. (1999) | Mean education level 11.2 years | N = 31, ambulatory people with DAT mean age 70 (54–89) | ||
| Leveille et al. (1998) | Educational level assessed | N = 3,585, community dwelling women | ||
| Bauco et al. (1998) | Education level assessed | N = 101 centurions in Rome | ||
| The Medical Research Council Cognitive Function Ageing Society (1998) | Neurological tests completed | 2 years of interviews on people who were 65 or older |