Table 3.
Ordinal regression of associations between the factors and the CPQ11–14 scores
| OS (ISF:8) | FL (ISF:8) | EWB (ISF:8) | SWB (ISF:8) | CPQ11–14 ISF: 8 total score | OS (RSF:8) | FL (RSF:8) | EWB (RSF:8) | SWB (RSF:8) | CPQ11–14 RSF: 8 total score | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | |
| Sociodemographic status | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Gender | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Fa | ||||||||||||||||||||
| M | 1.89 (1.38, 2.59) | 0.000** | 1.13 (0.84, 1.53) | 0.414 | 0.72 (0.53, 0.97) | 0.030* | 0.94 (0.70, 1.28) | 0.702 | 1.14 (0.85, 1.54) | 0.383 | 1.23 (0.91, 1.67) | 0.180 | 0.77 (0.57, 1.04) | 0.091 | 0.67 (0.49, 0.90) | 0.008** | 1.01 (0.75, 1.37) | 0.928 | 0.96 (0.71, 1.29) | 0.774 |
| Father’s education | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary school graduate or belowa | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary school graduate or below | 1.71 (1.04, 2.82) | 0.035* | 1.14 (0.71, 1.82) | 0.595 | 2.10 (1.30, 3.40) | 0.003** | 1.26 (0.78, 2.04) | 0.335 | 1.78 (1.11, 2.86) | 0.017** | 1.78 (1.10, 2.91) | 0.020* | 0.96 (0.60, 1.53) | 0.863 | 1.70 (1.05, 2.73) | 0.029* | 1.41 (0.88, 2.27) | 0.154 | 1.60 (1.00, 2.55) | 0.0504 |
| College graduate or above | 1.12 (0.56, 2.26) | 0.745 | 1.22 (0.63, 2.36) | 0.554 | 1.96 (1.00, 3.81) | 0.048* | 1.60 (0.82, 3.12) | 0.168 | 1.74 (0.90, 3.36) | 0.100 | 1.51 (0.76, 2.98) | 0.235 | 0.70 (0.36, 1.36) | 0.293 | 2.62 (1.34, 5.09) | 0.005** | 1.50 (0.77, 2.92) | 0.229 | 1.72 (0.89, 3.32) | 0.105 |
| Mother’s education | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Primary school graduate or belowa | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Secondary school graduate or below | 0.50 (0.30, 0.83) | 0.007** | 0.60 (0.37, 0.97) | 0.039* | 0.43 (0.26, 0.71) | 0.001** | 0.74 (0.45, 1.21) | 0.224 | 0.49 (0.30, 0.80) | 0.004** | 0.41 (0.25, 0.68) | 0.000** | 0.61 (0.38, 1.00) | 0.049* | 0.52 (0.32, 0.85) | 0.010* | 0.53 (0.33, 0.87) | 0.012* | 0.45 (0.27, 0.73) | 0.001** |
| College graduate or above | 0.49 (0.23, 1.05) | 0.066 | 0.50 (0.24, 1.03) | 0.061 | 0.50 (0.24, 1.03) | 0.061 | 0.71 (0.34, 1.48) | 0.366 | 0.47 (0.23, 0.97) | 0.040* | 0.26 (0.12, 0.56) | 0.000** | 0.57 (0.28, 1.18) | 0.132 | 0.64 (0.31, 1.33) | 0.229 | 0.65 (0.32, 1.35) | 0.249 | 0.37 (0.18, 0.76) | 0.007** |
| Household income | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Below HK$10,000a | ||||||||||||||||||||
| HK$10,001-HK$20,000 | 1.28 (0.85, 1.93) | 0.244 | 1.15 (0.77, 1.71) | 0.490 | 1.24 (0.83, 1.84) | 0.291 | 0.96 (0.65, 1.43) | 0.853 | 1.09 (0.74, 1.62) | 0.651 | 1.38 (0.92, 2.07) | 0.115 | 1.00 (0.68, 1.48) | 0.994 | 1.08 (0.72, 1.60) | 0.715 | 0.98 (0.66, 1.45) | 0.901 | 1.16 (0.78, 1.71) | 0.464 |
| HK$20,001-HK$30,000 | 0.84 (0.50, 1.42) | 0.517 | 1.12 (0.68, 1.85) | 0.646 | 1.13 (0.69, 1.85) | 0.640 | 0.89 (0.54, 1.47) | 0.643 | 0.85 (0.52, 1.40) | 0.521 | 1.27 (0.77, 2.11) | 0.351 | 0.91 (0.55, 1.49) | 0.696 | 1.09 (0.66, 1.79) | 0.737 | 0.72 (0.44, 1.19) | 0.206 | 0.94 (0.58, 1.55) | 0.821 |
| HK$30,001-HK$40,000 | 1.50 (0.82, 2.73) | 0.187 | 1.89 (1.06, 3.38) | 0.031* | 1.62 (0.90, 2.89) | 0.106 | 0.87 (0.48, 1.57) | 0.643 | 1.28 (0.72, 2.28) | 0.400 | 1.51 (0.84, 2.73) | 0.169 | 1.46 (0.82, 2.61) | 0.197 | 1.12 (0.63, 2.01) | 0.700 | 1.24 (0.70, 2.22) | 0.465 | 1.49 (0.84, 2.65) | 0.175 |
| Over HK$40,001 | 0.96 (0.50, 1.83) | 0.894 | 1.34 (0.73, 2.48) | 0.345 | 1.04 (0.56, 1.91) | 0.903 | 0.69 (0.37, 1.29) | 0.250 | 0.82 (0.44, 1.50) | 0.516 | 1.06 (0.56, 1.99) | 0.862 | 1.02 (0.55, 1.90) | 0.940 | 0.64 (0.34, 1.19) | 0.155 | 0.77 (0.41, 1.42) | 0.395 | 0.86 (0.47, 1.57) | 0.615 |
| Malocclusion | ||||||||||||||||||||
| IOTN (DHC) treatment need | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No needa | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Borderline need | 0.91 (0.60, 1.40) | 0.681 | 1.30 (0.86, 1.94) | 0.210 | 0.92 (0.61, 1.38) | 0.681 | 1.07 (0.71, 1.61) | 0.760 | 1.10 (0.73, 1.65) | 0.645 | 1.12 (0.74, 1.69) | 0.584 | 0.85 (0.56, 1.28) | 0.424 | 1.12 (0.75, 1.69) | 0.577 | 0.75 (0.50, 1.14) | 0.179 | 0.87 (0.58, 1.30) | 0.505 |
| Definite need | 0.86 (0.60, 1.23) | 0.415 | 1.45 (1.03, 2.05) | 0.034* | 1.29 (0.92, 1.82) | 0.145 | 1.52 (1.08, 2.16) | 0.017* | 1.33 (0.94, 1.87) | 0.107 | 1.10 (0.77, 1.56) | 0.596 | 1.24 (0.88, 1.75) | 0.219 | 1.24 (0.88, 1.76) | 0.220 | 1.16 (0.82, 1.64) | 0.396 | 1.23 (0.87, 1.73) | 0.234 |
| IOTN (AC) treatment need | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No needa | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Borderline need | 1.17 (0.76, 1.79) | 0.477 | 1.30 (0.86, 1.97) | 0.216 | 1.32 (0.87, 2.00) | 0.189 | 1.90 (1.25, 2.88) | 0.003** | 1.54 (1.02, 2.33) | 0.041* | 1.45 (0.95, 2.20) | 0.083 | 1.14 (0.75, 1.72) | 0.549 | 1.31 (0.86, 2.00) | 0.203 | 1.26 (0.83, 1.91) | 0.283 | 1.48 (0.98, 2.23) | 0.065 |
| Definite need | 0.58 (0.28, 1.21) | 0.147 | 1.24 (0.64, 2.40) | 0.519 | 0.90 (0.46, 1.75) | 0.758 | 2.06 (1.07, 3.98) | 0.031* | 1.23 (0.64, 2.38) | 0.532 | 0.76 (0.38, 1.51) | 0.434 | 0.79 (0.41, 1.56) | 0.504 | 1.03 (0.53, 2.00) | 0.928 | 0.97 (0.50, 1.89) | 0.928 | 0.91 (0.47, 1.77) | 0.790 |
| DAI severity and treatment need | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Normal or minor malocclusion- no treatment need or slight needa | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Definite malocclusion- treatment selective Definite malocclusion- treatment selective | 1.14 (0.78, 1.67) | 0.490 | 1.35 (0.94, 1.94) | 0.109 | 1.25 (0.87, 1.79) | 0.235 | 1.49 (1.03, 2.15) | 0.035* | 1.35 (0.94, 1.94) | 0.102 | 1.28 (0.89, 1.86) | 0.188 | 1.08 (0.75, 1.56) | 0.671 | 1.44 (0.99, 2.07) | 0.054 | 1.13 (0.78, 1.63) | 0.508 | 1.37 (0.95, 1.96) | 0.091 |
| Severe malocclusion- treatment highly desirable | 0.90 (0.57, 1.43) | 0.660 | 1.34 (0.87, 2.08) | 0.184 | 1.71 (1.10, 2.65) | 0.016* | 1.51 (0.97, 2.34) | 0.068 | 1.44 (0.94, 2.23) | 0.097 | 1.38 (0.89, 2.14) | 0.154 | 1.29 (0.84, 2.00) | 0.250 | 1.25 (0.81, 1.95) | 0.311 | 1.37 (0.88, 2.12) | 0.161 | 1.59 (1.03, 2.45) | 0.037* |
| Very severe (handicapping) malocclusion-treatment mandatory | 0.90 (0.50, 1.63) | 0.736 | 1.75 (1.00, 3.05) | 0.0499* | 1.16 (0.67, 2.04) | 0.594 | 3.06 (1.74, 5.36) | 0.000** | 1.90 (1.09, 3.33) | 0.024* | 1.19 (0.67, 2.11) | 0.547 | 1.06 (0.60, 1.86) | 0.840 | 1.81 (1.03, 3.19) | 0.041* | 1.39 (0.80, 2.44) | 0.246 | 1.64 (0.94, 2.87) | 0.081 |
| ICON treatment need | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Noa | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 1.15 (0.83, 1.59) | 0.408 | 1.39 (1.02, 1.90) | 0.040* | 1.13 (0.83, 1.55) | 0.432 | 1.36 (1.00, 1.87) | 0.053 | 1.40 (1.02, 1.91) | 0.035* | 1.25 (0.91, 1.72) | 0.165 | 1.05 (0.77, 1.44) | 0.764 | 1.06 (0.77, 1.45) | 0.715 | 1.20 (0.88, 1.65) | 0.246 | 1.27 (0.93, 1.74) | 0.126 |
| ICON complexity | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Easya | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Mild | 1.07 (0.74, 1.53) | 0.726 | 1.31 (0.92, 1.85) | 0.132 | 1.03 (0.73, 1.45) | 0.869 | 1.07 (0.76, 1.52) | 0.690 | 1.13 (0.80, 1.59) | 0.503 | 0.95 (0.67, 1.35) | 0.783 | 1.03 (0.73, 1.46) | 0.852 | 1.44 (1.01, 2.03) | 0.041* | 0.98 (0.69, 1.38) | 0.895 | 1.14 (0.81, 1.61) | 0.444 |
| Moderate | 1.54 (0.90, 2.61) | 0.112 | 1.40 (0.84, 2.35) | 0.198 | 1.28 (0.76, 2.13) | 0.354 | 1.61 (0.96, 2.71) | 0.070 | 1.48 (0.88, 2.46) | 0.136 | 1.79 (1.07, 3.02) | 0.027* | 1.20 (0.72, 2.01) | 0.486 | 1.52 (0.90, 2.55) | 0.115 | 1.35 (0.80, 2.26) | 0.257 | 2.01 (1.20, 3.37) | 0.008** |
| Difficult | 0.90 (0.44, 1.84) | 0.771 | 1.54 (0.78, 3.04) | 0.216 | 1.32 (0.67, 2.60) | 0.427 | 1.73 (0.87, 3.42) | 0.117 | 1.63 (0.83, 3.20) | 0.160 | 1.01 (0.50, 2.01) | 0.986 | 0.84 (0.42, 1.67) | 0.617 | 1.30 (0.65, 2.58) | 0.457 | 0.86 (0.43, 1.71) | 0.665 | 1.03 (0.52, 2.03) | 0.934 |
| Very difficult | 0.74 (0.32, 1.71) | 0.480 | 1.71 (0.79, 3.71) | 0.173 | 0.92 (0.42, 2.00) | 0.836 | 2.28 (1.05, 4.95) | 0.036* | 1.45 (0.67, 3.15) | 0.341 | 0.77 (0.34, 1.73) | 0.531 | 0.69 (0.31, 1.55) | 0.371 | 1.61 (0.74, 3.52) | 0.233 | 0.95 (0.43, 2.08) | 0.897 | 1.11 (0.51, 2.40) | 0.789 |
| PAR | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Almost ideal occlusiona | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Acceptable occlusion | 0.91 (0.60, 1.37) | 0.646 | 1.01 (0.68, 1.51) | 0.958 | 1.04 (0.70, 1.54) | 0.858 | 1.02 (0.69, 1.53) | 0.910 | 1.07 (0.73, 1.59) | 0.719 | 0.94 (0.63, 1.41) | 0.762 | 0.86 (0.58, 1.28) | 0.465 | 1.18 (0.79, 1.75) | 0.422 | 1.22 (0.82, 1.82) | 0.321 | 1.09 (0.74, 1.61) | 0.662 |
| Malocclusion | 0.91 (0.59, 1.39) | 0.657 | 1.57 (1.04, 2.37) | 0.031* | 1.01 (0.67, 1.52) | 0.958 | 1.32 (0.87, 1.99) | 0.192 | 1.31 (0.87, 1.97) | 0.192 | 1.24 (0.82, 1.88) | 0.316 | 0.86 (0.57, 1.30) | 0.481 | 1.16 (0.77, 1.75) | 0.471 | 1.19 (0.79, 1.80) | 0.403 | 1.16 (0.77, 1.74) | 0.480 |
| Periodontal and carries status | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Periodontal status | ||||||||||||||||||||
| CPI score = 0a | ||||||||||||||||||||
| CPI score > 0 | 1.44 (0.91, 2.30) | 0.122 | 1.43 (0.92, 2.22) | 0.113 | 1.61 (1.04, 2.49) | 0.034* | 1.43 (0.92, 2.24) | 0.115 | 1.63 (1.05, 2.53) | 0.028* | 1.10 (0.71, 1.72) | 0.665 | 1.19 (0.77, 1.84) | 0.435 | 1.40 (0.91, 2.17) | 0.127 | 1.12 (0.73, 1.73) | 0.605 | 1.18 (0.76, 1.81) | 0.462 |
| Caries experience | ||||||||||||||||||||
| < SiC Index valuea | ||||||||||||||||||||
| > =SiC Index value | 1.06 (0.69, 1.63) | 0.799 | 1.33 (0.88, 2.01) | 0.175 | 1.18 (0.78, 1.79) | 0.426 | 1.31 (0.87, 1.99) | 0.197 | 1.29 (0.85, 1.94) | 0.227 | 1.16 (0.76, 1.76) | 0.491 | 1.08 (0.72, 1.64) | 0.702 | 1.36 (0.89, 2.06) | 0.153 | 1.60 (1.06, 2.42) | 0.026* | 1.34 (0.89, 2.02) | 0.165 |
Statistical method: Ordinal regression (link function: logit), each orthodontic index adopted one separate ordinal regression; dependent variable: CPQ scores classified into four groups with cut-off points as quartile (1: scores < =first quartile; 2: first quartile < scores < =second quartile; 3: second quartile < scores < = third quartile; 4: scores > third quartile); a: reference group; OR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; *: P < 0.05. **: P < 0.01
N: sample size; adjusted OR: malocclusions adjusted for gender, father’s education level (primary school graduate or below; secondary school, post-secondary or above), mother’s education level (levels set as father’s education), household income (Below HK$10000, HK$10001-HK$20000, HK$20001-HK$30000, HK$30001-HK$40000, HK$40001 or above), caries experience (DMFT < SiC Index value, DMFT > =SiC Index value), and periodontal status (CPI score = 0, CPI score > 0); gender, socioeconomic status, periodontal and caries status adjusted for the previous variables and malocclusion measured by DAI
OS Oral symptoms domain, FL Functional limitations domain, EWB Emotional well-being domain, SWB Social well-being domain, SiC Index Significant Caries Index
Results of statistical analysis