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. 2017 Aug 7;16:138. doi: 10.1186/s12934-017-0737-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 2 — Effect of AFPs from GU1.7.1 (a), GU3.1.1 (b) and AFP5.1 (c) on zucchini. Negative (C−, e) and positive (C+, f) controls correspond to samples treated with buffer and a commercial AFP, respectively. Plant cells were stained with TBO. TH of AFPs from Antarctic isolates and plant cell viability (CV), determined by NR staining, are indicated in each image. A fresh zucchini sample (d) was included in order to compare results. Red asterisks represent small holes formed from small ice crystal; meanwhile, red arrows indicate high cellular damage product of cellular disruption due to the presence of big ice crystals. ND not determined