Table 2.

Synthesis of data: coding and categories

Categories	Mother and family members’ health literacy			Social power, cultural belief and practices		Health service response
Sub-categories	Knowledge	Practice	Awareness and confidence	Social power	Cultural belief and practices	Working load and capacity of midwives	Perceived low quality of postnatal care	Suboptimal patient-centered care
Codes	Knowledge on postnatal period; Knowledge of danger signs; Lack of knowledge on safe self-treatment.	Lack of hygiene; Delay to conduct postnatal care visit; Lack skills to do wound-care.	Lack of confidence to do self-wound care; Attitude to food taboo; Submissive to the midwife’s advice.	Information from family; Information from neighbors; Information from parents; Submissive to what parents said; Feeling afraid of parents/ grandmothers; Feeling afraid to disobey parents/grandmothers’ advice; Living with parents.	Traditional rules; Intergeneration practice; Cultural self-treatment practice; Practices from grandmothers; Food taboo; Herbal potion; Breastfeeding booster potion; Unseen hazards.	Working load; Collaboration between village midwives and health cadres; Knowledge of midwives; Education on food taboo.	Timely service; Availability of midwives; Insuficient time to educate patients; Lack of education on breastfeeding; No information for next visit; No education to family; Perceived quality of service; Inconsistent home-visit; Selective care; Inadequate education for wound care; Indirect communication between midwives and mothers.	Lack of interactive communication; Lack of frank communication; Language barrier; Inconvenient treatment.