Table 1. Clinical and economic model input parameters, values, and sources.

Parameter	Mean or median	Standard deviation or range	Source
Costs (2016 $US)
ICU bed day	4893	31.66	[30,31]
General ward bed daya,b	2877	25.43	[8]
Hospitalizationa,c
Bacteraemia	13 231	396	[8]
Intra-abdominal infection	14 572	278	[8]
Pneumonia (non-VAP)	20 968	1844	[8]
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)	27 981	2351	[8]
Urinary tract infection (UTI)	7767	126	[8]
Drug treatments per day
Tigecycline	294.01		[13]
Meropenem	132.93		[13]
Gentamicin	44.68		[13]
Amikacin	59.44		[13]
Colistin	87.51		[13]
PICC line insertion	98.45		[32]
Urine analysis	3.01	0.14	[33]
Urine culture	11.02	1.08	[33]
Abdominal CT scan	260.68	76.80	[32]
Bronchoscopy	138.31	25.17	[32]
Wound culture	11.90	0.93	[33]
Chest x-ray	28.79		[32]
Sputum cultures	17.77	2.10	[32]
Blood culture	14.00	1.59	[33]
Median hourly wage (all occupations)	18.13	9.36–45.94d	[10]
Median annual wage (all occupations)	37 704.39	19 467.52–95 544.65d	[10]
Registered nurse hourly wage	33.99	23.40–50.44d	[10]
Probabilities (%)
Bacteraemia	20.28		[34–39]
Intra-abdominal infection	5.92		[34–39]
Pneumonia (VAP and non-VAP)	25.70		[34–39]
Urinary tract infection (UTI)	48.09		[34–39]
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) given CRE pneumonia	5.76		[34–39]
Probability of ICU at onset	44.2	4.53	[36,40]
Treatment probabilities
Monotherapy	47.03		[41,42]
Carbapenem containing combination therapy	38.86		[41,42]
Non-carbapenem containing combination therapy	14.11		[41,42]
Mortality from bacteraemia
Monotherapy	46.4		[42]
Carbapenem containing combination therapy	40.7		[42]
Non-carbapenem containing combination therapy	18.2		[42]
Mortality from intra-abdominal infection
Monotherapy	33.3		[42]
Carbapenem containing combination therapy	31.4		[42]
Non-carbapenem containing combination therapy	0.0		[42]
Mortality from pneumonia
Monotherapy	46.7		[42]
Carbapenem containing combination therapy	30.4		[42]
Non-carbapenem containing combination therapy	27.8		[42]
Mortality from urinary tract infection
Monotherapy	38.9		[42]
Carbapenem containing combination therapy	28.6		[42]
Non-carbapenem containing combination therapy	10.0		[42]
Mortality attributable to CRE		26–44	[12]
Durations (days) and numbers
Attributable length of stay
Bacteraemia		9–10	[21–23]
Intra-abdominal infection		14–21	Expert opinion
Pneumonia (non-VAP)		4–10	[43]
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)		10–14	[44–48]
Urinary tract infection (UTI)		4–8	[49]
Treatment durations
Bacteraemia	14		[7], Expert opinion
Intra-abdominal infection		10–14	[7], Expert opinion
Pneumonia (non-VAP)		10–14	[7], Expert opinion
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)	14		[7], Expert opinion
Urinary tract infection (UTI)		14–21	[7], Expert opinion
Patient contacts per day		25–50	[50]
Weight (kg) adults ≥60 years	78.35	64.8–90.5	[51]
Baseline QALY value	0.84
Utility weights
Bacteraemia	0.985	0.015	[52–56]
Intra-abdominal infection	0.518	0.179	[57–62]
Pneumonia (non-VAP)	0.969	0.046	[52,54,63,64]
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)	0.875	0.064	[65]
Urinary tract infection (UTI)	0.807	0.086	[57,66–68]

^aValues are weighted means for those aged 45–64 years and 65–84 years.

^bEstimated for all non-neonatal, non-material discharges.

^cEstimated using the following International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (ICD-9) codes: 790•7 for bacteraemia; 540•0 for intra-abdominal infection; 482•0 for pneumonia (non-VAP); 997•31 for ventilator-associated pneumonia; and 599•0 for urinary tract infection.

^dValues are 10–90% range.