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Schematic diagram summarizing the effects of Cd on integrin and β-catenin signaling. (A) Cd activates integrins on the cell membrane. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) then transduces integrin signaling to downstream Rac1 to regulate actin assembly. (B) Cd inhibits GSK3β, resulting in β-catenin’s escape from degradation. Free β-catenin translocates into the nucleus and stimulates TCF/LEF-mediated oncogene transcription, which contributes to carcinogenesis.
