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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Aug 8.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2016 Jan;9(1):e002481. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.115.002481

Figure 4.

Figure 4

A. Optical mapping setup for simultaneous endo-epicardial mapping. An endoscope is focused on the endocardial surface of the posterior left atrium (PLA) or left atrial appendage (LAA). A CCD camera is coupled to the endoscope and laser illumination is provided. Epicardial mapping of PLA or LAA is simultaneously performed. B. From left to right: examples of simultaneous endo-epicardial breakthrough activation and potential intramural I-shaped, L-shaped and U-shaped scroll waves (A reproduced from Yamazaki et al.28 by permission of Oxford University Press; B adapted from Yamazaki et al.27 with permission from Elsevier).