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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Aug 8.
Published in final edited form as: Heart Fail Clin. 2016 Apr;12(2):167–178. doi: 10.1016/j.hfc.2015.08.014

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Computer model of action potential propagation from a pectinate muscle to the atrial wall. A 3-dimensional (60×60×60 elements) model includes a 1-dimensional bundle attached to a 2-dimensional sheet (left panel). Periodic stimulation (Stim) was applied at the top edge of the bundle and the impulse was allowed to propagate downward with conduction velocity of ~0.29 m/sec and to invade the two dimensional sheet. The voltage time series and corresponding power spectra are shown for a site near the stimulation point and a site at the sheet. Comparison between the points indicates a 3:2 pattern of propagation into the sheet with a concomitant spectral transformation and a DF shift from 8.4 to 5.7 Hz. From Jalife J, Berenfeld O, Skanes A, Mandapati R. Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: Mother rotors or multiple daughter wavelets, or both? J.Cardiovasc.Electrophysiol. 1998;9:S2–S12; with permission.