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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Aug 8.
Published in final edited form as: Heart Fail Clin. 2016 Apr;12(2):167–178. doi: 10.1016/j.hfc.2015.08.014

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Rate of increase in DF during paroxysmal AF predicts transition to persistent AF. A. representative graphs for three animals. Left, sheep with the highest dDF/dt (0.14 Hz/day, time to transition 19 days); middle, intermediate dDF/dt (0.03 Hz/day, time to transition 46 days); right, lowest dDF/dt (0.003 Hz/day, time to transition 346 days); left and right from transition group, middle from LS-PAF group. B. log-log plots of time from first episode to onset of self-sustained persistent AF versus dDF/dt for the RA (intracardiac electrode), LA (loop recorder) and ECG (surface Lead 1). Each point represents an animal. dDF/dt correlated with time to develop self-sustained persistent AF. N=14 for RA and ECG, N=8 for LA. From Martins RP, Kaur K, Hwang E, Ramirez RJ, Willis BC, Filgueiras-Rama D, Ennis SR, Takemoto Y, Ponce-Balbuena D, Zarzoso M, O'Connell RP, Musa H, Guerrero-Serna G, Avula UM, Swartz MF, Bhushal S, Deo M, Pandit SV, Berenfeld O, Jalife J. Dominant frequency increase rate predicts transition from paroxysmal to long-term persistent atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2014;129:1472–1482; with permission.