Table 2.
Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among human immunodeficiency virus-positive (HIV+) and HIV-negative (HIV–) participants.
| All |
Primary prevention, stratified by cardiovascular risk group |
Secondary prevention overall |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowa |
Moderateb |
Highc |
|||||||||||||
| HIV+ (n = 528) | HIV– (n = 521) | p | HIV+ (n = 294) | HIV– (n = 347) | p | HIV+ (n = 78) | HIV– (n = 70) | p | HIV+ (n = 103) | HIV– (n = 77) | p | HIV+ (n = 53) | HIV– (n = 27) | p | |
| SBP above thresholdd | 84 (16%) | 61 (12%) | 0.05 | 3 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 0.10 | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | 0.47 | 59 (57%) | 46 (60%) | 0.76 | 22 (42%) | 14 (52%) | 0.48 |
| Distribution SBP (mm Hg) among those above thresholdd | 156 (145–170) | 153 (146–167) | 0.39 | − | − | − | − | − | − | 156 (147–169) | 150 (145–164) | 0.16 | 154 (145–164) | 160 (151–169) | 0.30 |
| Lipid levels above thresholde | 118 (22%) | 81 (16%) | 0.006 | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0.46 | 4 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 0.12 | 83 (81%) | 62 (81%) | 1.00 | 30 (57%) | 19 (70%) | 0.33 |
| Distribution LDL-c (mmol/l) among those above thresholdd | 3.6 (3.0– 4.0) | 3.7 (3.2–4.3) | 0.13 | − | − | − | − | − | − | 3.6 (3.0– 4.1) | 3.8 (3.2–4.3) | 0.11 | 3.6 (3.1–4.0) | 3.4 (3.2–4.2) | 0.86 |
| Diabetes | 31 (6%) | 20 (4%) | 0.15 | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0.46 | 1 (1%) | 1 (1%) | 1.00 | 21 (20%) | 14 (18%) | 0.85 | 8 (15%) | 5 (19%) | 0.75 |
| Current smoker | 169 (32%) | 129 (25%) | 0.009 | 79 (27%) | 70 (20%) | 0.05 | 27 (35%) | 22 (31%) | 0.73 | 45 (44%) | 28 (36%) | 0.36 | 18 (34%) | 9 (33%) | 1.00 |
| Obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) | 41 (8%) | 51 (10%) | 0.28 | 16 (5%) | 19 (5%) | 1.00 | 2 (3%) | 2 (3%) | 1.00 | 18 (17%) | 19 (25%) | 0.27 | 5 (9%) | 11 (41%) | 0.002 |
| Physical inactivityf | 294 (56%) | 245 (47%) | 0.005 | 151 (51%) | 154 (44%) | 0.08 | 49 (63%) | 26 (37%) | 0.003 | 58 (56%) | 43 (56%) | 1.00 | 36 (68%) | 22 (81%) | 0.29 |
| Heavy alcohol useg | 26 (5%) | 37 (7%) | 0.15 | 14 (5%) | 22 (6%) | 0.49 | 3 (4%) | 4 (6%) | 0.71 | 7 (7%) | 8 (10%) | 0.42 | 2(4%) | 3(11%) | 0.33 |
BMI: body mass index; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP: systolic blood pressure; TC/HDL-ratio: total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio.
Data are presented as number (%) or median (interquartile range). Fisher’s exact test was used to test for group differences.
Low cardiovascular risk is defined as a predicted 10-year cardiovascular risk <10%.
Moderate cardiovascular risk is defined as a predicted 10-year cardiovascular risk 10–20% without additional cardiovascular risk factors.
High cardiovascular risk is defined as a 10-year cardiovascular risk ≥20% or 10-year cardiovascular risk 10–20% with additional cardiovascular risk factors.
Blood pressure is above the threshold when (a) SBP > 180 mm Hg in participants with primary prevention low 10-year cardiovascular risk or moderate 10-year cardiovascular risk participants with no additional risk factors; or (b) SBP > 160 mm Hg in participants aged ≥80 years with primary prevention high 10-year cardiovascular risk; or (c) SBP > 140 mm Hg in participants aged <80 years with primary prevention high 10-year cardiovascular risk, or those eligible for secondary prevention;
Plasma lipid levels are above the threshold when (a) TC/HDL-ratio >8 (regardless of cardiovascular risk), or (b) LDL-cholesterol >2.5 mmol/l in participants with primary prevention high 10-year cardiovascular risk, or eligible for secondary prevention;
Physical inactivity was defined as not meeting the Dutch healthy physical activity guidelines (i.e. ‘Combinorm’: performing moderate physical activity ≥5 days per week for ≥30 min, and/or heavy physical activity ≥3 days per week for ≥20 min);
Heavy alcohol use was defined as alcohol intake ≥5 units/day for males, or ≥3 units/day for females.