Table 6.
Mean (SD) lingual–alveolar contact pressure during speech (LACP-Sp) by group and phoneme, and M (SD) maximum isometric LACP (LACP-Max) by group, with statistical results including omnibus testing (Kruskal–Wallis), post hoc comparisons (Mann–Whitney U), and effect size (Cohen’s d).
| Task | Control | ALS-Bulbar | ALS-Spinal | Kruskal–Wallis results |
α for Mann–Whitney U post-hoc comparisons [Cohen’s d] |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| χ2 | df | α | Control vs. bulbar | Control vs. spinal | Bulbar vs. spinal | |||||
| /t/ | M | 3.61 | 1.48 | 5.65 | 12.01 | 2 | .002 | .007 | .082 | .003 |
| (SD) | (1.85) | (1.25) | (2.01) | [1.2] | [−1.1] | [2.1] | ||||
| /d/ | M | 3.60 | 1.46 | 4.99 | 10.66 | 2 | .005 | .004 | .328 | .006 |
| (SD) | (2.44) | (1.09) | (1.88) | [0.9] | [−0.6] | [1.9] | ||||
| /s/ | M | 3.21 | 0.91 | 2.61 | 11.41 | 2 | .003 | >.001 | .377 | .171 |
| (SD) | (1.49) | (0.63) | (2.89) | [1.5] | [0.4] | [0.6] | ||||
| /z/ | M | 2.78 | 0.67 | 3.64 | 14.37 | 2 | .001 | >.001 | .721 | .003 |
| (SD) | (1.47) | (0.29) | (3.26) | [1.4] | [−0.6] | [0.9] | ||||
| /l/ | M | 2.02 | 1.48 | 3.25 | 1.96 | 2 | .375 | .596 | .377 | .202 |
| (SD) | (1.67) | (0.97) | (2.39) | [0.3] | [−0.7] | [0.7] | ||||
| /n/ | M | 3.31 | 1.79 | 3.85 | 4.26 | 2 | .119 | .082 | .506 | .127 |
| (SD) | (2.25) | (1.81) | (1.64) | [0.7] | [−0.2] | [1.3] | ||||
| LACP-Max | M (SD) | 67.94 (14.77) | 35.68 (16.12) | 67.57 (16.47) | 11.07 | 2 | .004 | .001 [2.2] | .879 [0.0] | .019 [1.9] |
Note. Bold denotes those statistical results that were statistically significant. ALS = amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.