Table 7.

Mean (SD) percentage of maximum isometric lingual–alveolar contact pressure (LACP-Max) utilized during speech (%Max), with statistical results including omnibus testing (Kruskal–Wallis) and effect size (Cohen’s d). No post hoc comparisons were completed because all omnibus tests were nonsignificant.

Phoneme		Control	Bulbar	Spinal	Kruskal–Wallis results			Effect size estimate (Cohen’s d)
					χ2	df	α	Control vs. bulbar	Control vs. spinal	Bulbar vs. spinal
/t/	M	5.99	5.35	8.38	5.274	2	.072	−0.2	1.0	1.3
	(SD)	(4.45)	(3.02)	(2.41)
/d/	M	5.71	5.96	7.33	2.981	2	.225	0.1	0.7	0.6
	(SD)	(5.52)	(3.14)	(2.33)
/s/	M	5.07	4.90	4.00	1.549	2	.461	−0.1	−0.3	−0.2
	(SD)	(3.47)	(2.85)	(4.26)
/z/	M	4.14	2.32	5.64	5.674	2	.059	−2.0	0.3	0.7
	(SD)	(2.30)	(0.90)	(4.89)
/l/	M	3.73	5.77	5.03	1.868	2	.393	0.6	0.3	−0.2
	(SD)	(4.00)	(3.59)	(3.75)
/n/	M	5.35	5.45	5.71	.871	2	.647	0.0	0.2	0.1
	(SD)	(4.91)	(2.87)	(2.28)