Table 1.
Participants' demographic information and performance on standardized tests.
| Scale | Subscale | M | SD | Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 9.34 | 1.02 | 8.00–11.92 | |
| SES a | 17.22 | 3.10 | 10–24 | |
| WISC-IV | 111.47 | 12.67 | 84–141 | |
| CELF-4 | Receptive Language Score | 110.92 | 13.99 | 81–137 |
| Expressive Language Score | 109.16 | 12.83 | 87–138 | |
| TOLD-I:4 | Morphological Comprehension | 11.38 | 2.55 | 6–16 |
| PPVT-4 | 117.64 | 17.51 | 86–155 | |
| Composite | Syntax z score | 0.03 | 0.83 | −2.28–1.31 |
| Semantics z score | −0.01 | 0.92 | −1.63–2.06 |
Note. Standard scores were used for the WISC-IV, CELF-4, and PPVT-4 scores; scaled scores were used for the TOLD-I:4. Z scores were used for the composite scores of Syntax (the Concepts and Following Directions subtest of the CELF-4 and the Morphological Comprehension Subtest of TOLD-I:4) and Semantics (Word Classes–Receptive Subtest of the CELF-4 and PPVT-4). SES = socioeconomic status; WISC-IV = Wescshler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition; CELF-4 = Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, Fourth Edition; TOLD-I:4 = Test of Language Development–Intermediate: Fourth Edition; PPVT-4 = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Fourth Edition.
SES: Total years of maternal education.