Table 4.
Pause marker (PM) and Prosody-Voice Screening Profile (PVSP) findings for participants in the childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), adult-onset apraxia of speech (AAS), and speech delay (SD) groups.
| Group | Descriptive statistics |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM signs |
PVSP signs |
||||||||
| Groping |
Repetitions/revisions |
Repetitions/revisions |
|||||||
| n | M | SD | n | M | SD | n | M | SD | |
| SD | 204 | 204 | 204 | ||||||
| Percentage | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 88.2 | 10.4 | |||
| z-score | 0.13 | 0.89 | −0.15 | 1.42 | 0.18 | 0.90 | |||
| CAS (PM+) | 34 | 34 | 34 | ||||||
| Percentage | 2.3 | 2.1 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 84.0 | 12.1 | |||
| z-score | −1.33 | 2.25 | −3.24 | 2.29 | −0.34 | 1.3 | |||
| AAS (PM+) | 22 | 22 | 22 | ||||||
| Percentage | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 66.2 | 21.7 | |||
| z-score | −3.43 | 2.37 | −3.84 | 2.19 | −1.53 | 1.73 | |||
| Inferential statistics using z-scores | |||||||||
| Comparison | Groping | Repetitions/revisions | Repetitions/revisions | ||||||
| effect size a | CI | effect size | CI | effect size | CI | ||||
| CAS and SD | −1.23 V | −1.61, −0.85 | −1.96 V | −2.36, −1.56 | −0.54 M | −0.90, −0.17 | |||
| AAS and SD | −3.18 E | −3.71, −2.65 | −2.44 E | −2.93, −1.94 | −1.69 V | −2.16, −1.23 | |||
| CAS and AAS | 0.90 L | 0.34, 1.46 | 0.26 | −0.28, 0.80 | 0.79 M | 0.24, 1.35 | |||
Note. See text for the PVSP category of repetitions/revisions under Phrasing. CI = confidence interval; PM+ = positive for pause marker.
a
Effect size: Small (S) >0.2; Medium (M) >0.5; Large (L) >0.8; Very Large (V) >1.0; Extremely Large (E) > 2.0. Significant effect sizes are underlined.