Table 1.
Description of five study groups that include 315 speakers whose speech data were used in at least one of the three studies.
| Group | Title | Cohort | Abbreviation | Number of participants with PM+ scores |
Participant age (years) |
% males | PCC (%) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nonmarginal | Marginal | Total | M | SD | Range | M | SD | Range | |||||
| 1 | Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) (n = 37) | Idiopathic CAS | CASI | 21 | 1 | 22 | 9.1 | 5.1 | 4–23 | 63.6 | 69.8 | 12.1 | 36.8–94.3 |
| Neurogenetic CAS | CASN | 13 | 2 | 15 | 10.9 | 3.9 | 5–19 | 46.7 | 76.4 | 10.3 | 53.6–92.2 | ||
| Total | 34 | 3 | 37 | 9.8 | 4.7 | 4–23 | 56.8 | 72.5 | 11.8 | 36.8–94.3 | |||
| 2 | CND and PM+ Others (n = 46) | 22q11.2 Deletion syndrome | 22q11.2 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 10.3 | 1.7 | 8–12 | 100.0 | 75.7 | 16.1 | 61.1–92.4 |
| Down syndrome | DS | 11 | 4 | 15 | 14.7 | 1.5 | 12–17 | 40.0 | 79.4 | 7.8 | 59.9–89.2 | ||
| Fragile X | FRAX | 1 | 2 | 3 | 15.3 | 3.1 | 12–18 | 100.0 | 93.5 | 2.8 | 90.7–96.3 | ||
| Galactosemia | GALT | 5 | 1 | 6 | 9.3 | 4.8 | 5–16 | 83.3 | 73.9 | 18.7 | 46.5–97.8 | ||
| Traumatic brain injury | TBI | 2 | 0 | 2 | 3.0 | 0.0 | NV | 100.0 | 76.9 | 9.1 | 70.4–83.3 | ||
| Suspected CAS | CAS-S | 11 | 2 | 13 | 6.7 | 2.1 | 3–10 | 84.6 | 71.9 | 11.5 | 54.9–95.8 | ||
| SD clinical cohort | SD1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3.0 | NV | NV | 100.0 | 89.8 | NV | NV | ||
| SD research cohort | SD2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5.5 | 0.7 | 5–6 | 50.0 | 84.5 | 3.6 | 81.9–87.0 | ||
| Total | 35 | 11 | 46 | 5.9 | 2.3 | 3–10 | 71.7 | 74.9 | 11.4 | 54.9–95.8 | |||
| 3 | AAS (n = 22) | Apraxia of speech | AOS | 9 | 1 | 10 | 63.3 | 12.9 | 45–82 | 70.0 | 89.3 | 7.7 | 68.9–95.1 |
| Primary progressive AOS | PPAOS | 10 | 2 | 12 | 70.7 | 10.1 | 53–84 | 50.0 | 91.9 | 6.8 | 74.0–97.6 | ||
| Total | 19 | 3 | 22 | 67.3 | 11.8 | 45–84 | 59.1 | 90.7 | 7.1 | 68.9–97.6 | |||
| 4 | Longitudinal participants (n = 8) | Clinical cohort | Longitudinal | — a | — a | 8 | 15.7 | 15.3 | 6–49 | 42.9 | 78.6 | 10.0 | 66.7–89.7 |
| 5 | SD: PM− (n = 202) | Random cohort | SD1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.4 | 1.3 | 3–9 | 74.1 | 73.2 | 12.6 | 17.5–99.1 |
| Research cohort | SD2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.5 | 0.6 | 5–7 | 78.9 | 82.6 | 6.4 | 68.8–91.3 | ||
| Research cohort | SD3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.0 | 0.7 | 3–5 | 73.6 | 70.0 | 9.6 | 36.2–87.2 | ||
| Research cohort | SD4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.5 | 0.9 | 3–7 | 48.3 | 68.8 | 11.4 | 42.1–82.8 | ||
| Total | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.4 | 1.1 | 3–9 | 70.6 | 72.3 | 11.5 | 17.5–99.1 | |||
Note. PM+ = positive for pause marker; NV = no value; SD = speech delay; PM− = negative for pause marker. PCC = percentage of consonants correct; CND = Complex neurodevelopmental disorders; AAS = Adult-onset apraxia of speech.
a
See Table 3 for marginal or nonmarginal scores at each assessment session.