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. 2017 Jul 30;23:3697–3705. doi: 10.12659/MSM.906046

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Translational instability is defined as: more than 3.5 mm horizontal displacement of one vertebra in relation to an adjacent vertebra measured on lateral roentgenograms (d ≥3.5 mm, left). Rotational instability is defined as: more than 11 degrees rotational difference from that of either adjacent vertebra (α–β ≥11°, right).