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Estimation of p (the proportion of synonymous substitutions under negative selection) and 2Nes when the X/A ratio is 0.9 (see the last two rows of Table 1). For all values of 2Nes, p is always >0.85. The Ks/Ki value is also a function of 2Nes; the case for h = 0.1, m = 0.33, and Ne = 10,000 is shown in the lower curve. The observed autosomal Ks/Ki at 0.791 further constrains 2Nes to <1 and p to >0.9. Ki is assumed to be the neutral rate.
